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JULY, 1869. 

EDUCATIONAL^ BOOKS 

PUBLISHED BY 

GEORGE R. LOCKWOOD, 

LATE ROE LOCKWOOD 4^60N, 

No. 812 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 



Any book on the following list will be sent by mail, free of expense, on the receipt of 
the advertised price ; but Teachers will be charged the wholesale price, with the addition of 
postage, and if this amounts to less than the sum received the difference will be returned. 



FRENCH. 

ROBERTSON'S VvThole French Course, 12 mo $2 25 

Key to do do 12 mo 75 

Intermediate do do 12 mo 1 75 

Introductory do do 12 mo 1 25 

MEADOWS' French and English. Pronouncing Dictionary . . 2 00 
ROEMER'S French Dictionary of English Idioms. 12 mo... 2 25 
FRENCH VERBS, Complete, by a Professor (in press). 
NOEL et CHAPSAL. Grammaire Franeaise. An exact Re- 
print of the last Paris Edition. 12 mo 1 75 

Corrige (Key.)- do. 12 mo. 1 25 

French and English Grammar. 12 mo 1 75 

Key to above 12 mo 1 25 

Abrege de la Grammaire Franeaise. An exact Reprint 

of the last Pans Editon. 12 mo 1 25 

Abridgment of French Grammar. 12 mo 1 25 

Litterature Franeaise. (Selections of French Literature.) 1 75 

Mme. DE GENLIS. Le Siege de la Roehelle. 12 mo 1 50 

GOLDSMITH. Le Vieaire de Wakefield. 12 mo 1 50 

RACINE'S Selected Pieces. 16 mo 1 00 

MOLIERE'S Selected Pieces. 18 mo 1 00 

ST. PIERRE. Paul et Virginie, with a Vocabulary. 12 mo.. 1 13 

Mme. COTTIN. Elizabeth; with a Vocabulary. 12 mo 1 13 

LAFONTAINE'S Fables. lOO Illustrations. 18 mo 1 13 

JOUANNE'S Gender of French Nouns. 12 mo 75 

CHATEAUBRIAND. Atala, Rene. 12 mo 113 

MABIRE'S Conversational Phrases; or, French Synonyms .. .60 



j 



. 



THE FEEJSTCH YEKB, 



CONTAINING THE 



THEORY, AND MODEL CONJUGATIONS 



OF 



ALL THE FEENCH VEKBS; 



WITH A 

DICTIONARY OF SUCH VERBS AS PRESENT ANY PECULIARS 
TIES IN THEIR USES OR CONJUGATIONS, CONTAIN- 
ING REFERENCES TO THE MODELS 

AND TO 

COMPLETE TABLEAUX OF ALL THE IRREGULAE AND 
DEFECTIVE VERBS. 



BY CH. REYNAL. 



/ 

NEW YORK : 
GEOEGE E. LOCKWOOD, 

812 BROADWAY. 
1870. 




.R4 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 

GEORGE R. LOCKWOOD, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



PREFACE 



The verb is the soul of speech. Without its aid it would 
be impossible to express a single thought intelligibly. 
Hence, too much attention cannot be bestowed upon the 
study of this so very important part of speech, which is 
attended with innumerable difficulties, and especially in the 
French language. 

But a complete manual of the French Verb does not 
necessarily mean a large and cumbrous volume, filled with 
divisions and subdivisions, which rather multiply than 
remove the obstacles to be overcome. 

A clear and concise introduction, explanatory of the 
theory of the French Verb, its moods, tenses, numbers, 
persons, etc., the formation, derivation and mutual rela- 
tions of the two first, followed by models of the auxiliaries 
and of the regular conjugations, and tableaux of the irre- 
gular conjugations, would seem all that is required. 

These have been given in the present work, and in addi- 
tion, the Correspondence between the French and English 
moods and tenses, which feature is entirely new, and can- 
not fail to be appreciated by both teacher and learner. 

The Model Conjugations appear in the affirmative, nega- 
tive, interrogative, and negative-interrogative forms several- 



IV PREFACE. 

ly; nor has the author omitted to furnish models of those 
verbs of the first conjugation which, although they cannot 
with propriety be classed among the irregular verbs, pre- 
sent, nevertheless, some peculiarities that can alone be 
mastered by methodical study joined to the closest observa- 
tion. Besides the paradigms just enumerated, those of 
pronominal and impersonal verbs have their place in this 
book, and figure in the various forms in which they are 
met with in the language. 

But the feature which most markedly distinguishes this 
work from all Verb books hitherto published, and which 
will place it beyond comparison with any, is a "Dictionary 
of the Irregular and Defective Verbs, and of such as pre- 
sent ANY PECULIARITIES IN THEIR USES OR CONJUGATIONS ;" with 

distinct references to the Model Conjugations and Tableaux 
respectively; remarks on the defective verbs, pointing out 
the moods, tenses, etc., in which they are employed; and 
copious examples from the best authors illustrative of the 
several acceptations of verbs offering any difficulty in that 
respect; which latter peculiarity will be found at once 
agreeable and useful to the learner, lending as it does an 
unusual charm to what would otherwise be an arid and 
uninviting study. 

In fine, neither time nor pains has been spared by the 
author in the preparation of "The French Verb," his de- 
sign having been that it should reach as near to perfection 
as human efforts can attain. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PKEFACE iii 

WHAT IS A VERB? 1 

THE SUBJECT 1 

THE COMPLEMENT : 

The Complement Dibect, 

The Complement Indirect 2 

NUMBER IN VERBS 3 

PERSONS OF VERBS... 3 

MOODS : 

Indicative, 

Conditional, 

Imeeatiye, 

Subjunctive, 

Infinitive 4 

TENSES : 
Pbesent, 
Impebfect, 
Past Definite, 
Past Indefinite, 
Plupebfect, 
Past Antebior, 
Second Past Antebiob, 
Futube, 

Futube -Antebiob, 
Pbesent Conditional, 
Past Conditional, 






Yi TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Second Past Conditional, 

Imperative Mood, 

Present Subjunctive, 

Imperfect Subjunctive, 

Past Subjunctive, 

Pluperfect Subjunctive, 

Present Infinitive, 

Past Infinitive, 

Present Participle, 

Past Participle 5 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES 15 

CONCORD OR AGREEMENT OF TENSES : 
Concord of the Tenses of the Indicative, 
Concord of the Tenses of the Indicative in Verbs joined 

together by the conjunction que, 
Correspondence of the Tenses of the Subjunctive to those 

of the Indicative 20 

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH TO THE ENGLISH 

TENSES : 
Present Indicative, 
Imperfect Indicative, 
Past Definite, 
Past Indefinite, 
Pluperfect and Past Anterior, 
Future, 

Present Conditional, 
Imperativf Mood, 
Present Subjunctive, 
Imperfect Subjunctive, 
Past Subjunctive, 
Pluperfect Subjunctive 27 

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERBS : 
Acttve Verbs, 
Passive Vebrs, 
Neuter Verbs, 
Pronominal Verbs, 
Impersonal or Unipersonal Verbs 40 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. Yll 

CONJUGATIONS : 

Affirmative Conjugation of the Yekb AVOIB, 
Intekeogative " " " 

Negative " " " 

Negattve-Inteeeogative " " " 

Remaeks on the Oethogeapht and Peonunciation of some 
Tenses of the Veeb AVOIR, 

Affirmative Conjugation of the Yeeb ETRE, 
Inteeeogative m " " 

Negative " " " 

Negative-Inteeeogative '* " " 

Remaeks on the Conjugation of the Veeb ETRE, 
Model of the First Regular Conjugation : 
MARCHER Affirmatively, Negatively, 

" Interrogatively, Negatively and Interrogatively, 

Model of the Second Regulae Conjugation : 
EMPLIR Affirmatively, Negatively, 

1 ' Interrogatively, Negatively and Interrogatively, 

Model of the Third Regulae Conjugation : 
RECEVOIR, Affirmatively, Negatively, 

' < Interrogatively, Negatively and Interrogatively, 

Model of the Fouth Regulae Conjugation : 
ENTENDRE, Affirmatively, Negatively, 

' ' Interrogatively, Negatively and Interrogatively, 

Verbs of the First Conjugation containing some Oethogea- 
geaphical difficulties i 
Verbs in ELER, Appeler, 
ELER, Reveler, 
ELER, 
" ETER, Jeter, 

ETER, Completer, 
" GER, Arranger, 

" CER, Placer, 

< ' ER having an e mute in the syllable before the 

termination of the Infinitive Present, 
IER, Flier, 
AYER, OYER, UYER, Payer. 



Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Model foe the Conjugation or Passive Veebs, E TRE AIMil, 

Model of Peonominal Veebs: SE PROMENER, 

Model of Recdpeocal Veebs: S'ECRIRE, 

Veeb S'EIST ALLER. 

Impoetant Observation Regaeding the Ieeegulae Veeb 
ALLER, 

On the Conjugation of Unipeesonal oe Impeesonal Verbs : 

T AVOIR 41 

DICTIONARY OE FRENCH VERBS 103 

TABLEAUX OF ALL THE IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE 

VERBS IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE 148 



THE FEENCH YEEB. 



PAET FIRST 



WHAT IS A YERB? 

A verb is a word which affirms something relative to be- 
ing, action or the receiving of an action. 

To affirm is to state : therefore verbs make statements 
that persons or things are or exist, act or receive an action. 

Ex. : Dieu est grand, God is great. 
Auguste ecrit, Augustus writes. 
La lettre fut ecrite par Auguste, the letter was written by Augustus. 

In these examples we observe that the words est, ecrit and 
fut ecrite are verbs ; the first expresses being ; the second 
an action, and the third the receiving of an action. 

The verb in any sentence may at once be discovered by 
its answering the question : What is affirmed, or stated, of? 
followed by the name of the person or thing spoken of. Eor 
instance, if I desired to find which is the verb in the second 
example above, I would say : What is affirmed of Augustus? 
And the answer being : qu'il ecrit, that he writes, I know 
thereby that ecrit is the verb. This mode of discovering the 
verb may be applied in all kinds of sentences. 

Let it be particularly observed, that, although there are 
negative expressions and negative sentences, the verb never- 
theless contains and at all times expresses an affirmation. 
The sentence : cette orange n'est pas jaune, this orange is not 
yellow, is a negative sentence ; and, notwithstanding, the 
verb est, is, affirms ; for we can just as well affirm that an 
orange is not as that it is yellow ; the negative refers to the 
color only. 

THE SUBJECT. 

The person or thing of which the verb's affirmation is 
made is called the subject. 



55 THE FRENCH VERB. 

The subject may be found mechanically by placing before 
the verb the question : qui est-ce qui?" . . . . who? .... for 
persons ; or qu est-ce qui ?...., what ? . . . . for things. 

Examples : Auguste ecrit, Augustus, writes. 

La mort ne surprend pas le sage, death, does not take the 
wise man unawares. 
Question. — Qui est-ce qui ecrit? "Who writes? 
Answer. — Auguste, Augustus. 

Question. — Qu 1 est-ce qui ne surprend pas le sage ? What does not take 
the wise man unawares ? 
Answer. — La mori, death. 

The answers to the foregoing questions are the subjects. 

THE COMPLEMENT. 
The person or thing that receives the action expressed by 
the verb is called the complement or regimen. There are two 
kinds of complements, namely : the complement direct, and 
the complement indirect. 

THE COMPLEMENT DIRECT. 

The complement direct completes the sense of the verb and 
receives its action directly, that is, without the help of any 
other word. It answers the question qui? . . . who? . . . for 
persons, or quoi ? . . . what ? . . . for things, placed after the 
verb. 

Examples : Tout le monde estime cet ecrivain, every body esteems that 
writer. 
Tout le monde aime les manieres polies, every body likes 
polished manners. 
Question. — Tout le monde estime qui ? every body esteems whom? 
Answer. — Cet t cri va in, that writer. 

Question. — Tout le monde aime quoi ? every body likes what ? 
Answer. — Les manieres polies, polished manners. 

The answers to these questions are complements direct. 

THE COMPLEMENT INDIRECT. 

The complement indirect completes the signification of the 
verb with the help of some other word, mostly one of the 
prepositions a, de, par, pour, dans, sur, avec, etc. It answers 
the question a qui? de qui? par qui? pour qui? dans qui? 
sur qui? or avec qui? for persons, or a quoi? de quoi? par 
quoi? pourquoi? dans quoi? sur quoi? or avec quoi? for 
things. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 3 

Examples : Kbits pensons a lui, we think of him. 

Vous ne medirez de personne, you shall speak ill of nobody. 
Question. — Nous pensons A qui ? we think of whom ? 
Answer. — A lui, of him. 

Question. — Vous ne medirez pas de qui? You shall not speak ill of 
whom * 
Answer. — De personne, of any body. 

NUMBER IN YERBS. 

In French, as in English, verbs have two numbers : 
singular (singulier), and plural (pluriel). 

The verb is in the singular number when the action it 
enounces is performed by one person or one thing. 

Examples : Je cours, je dors, tu dors, il chanle, I run,- 1 sleep, thou 
sleepest, he sings. 

The verb is in the plural when its action is performed by 
several persons or several things. 

Examples : Nous courons, nous dormons, vous dormez, Us chantent, we 
run, we sleep, you sleep, they sing. 

PERSONS OF YERBS. 

Each number has three persons : the first person (la 
premiere personne), which represents the person speaking, 
and which is accompanied generally by the pronoun je, I, 
in the singular, or nous, we, in the plural ; the second per- 
son {la seconde personne), which represents the person 
spoken to, and which is generally accompanied by the pro- 
noun tu, thou, in the singular, or vous, you, in the plural ; 
and the third person {la troisieme personne), which repre- 
sents the person or thing spoken of, and which is usually 
accompanied by one of the pronouns il, he or it, or elle, she 
or it, in the singular, or Us or elles, they, in the plural. 

Thus, when the action expressed by a verb is performed 
by the person or per r sons speaking, the verb is put in the 
first person ; when a person is spoken to, the verb is put in 
the second person, and if a person be spoken of, whether 
that person be present or absent, the verb is placed in the 
third person. 

Observe that there are two ways of marking or distin- 
guishing the persons of French verbs : one way is by the 
terminations, and the other by the pronouns. But neither 
of these signs would be sufficient alone in all moods and all 



4 THE FKENCH VEEB. 

tenses ; for instance, in the imperative mood, we find mar- 
die, marchons, marchez, which three expressions are clearly 
distinguished without the help of a pronoun ; but it is essen- 
tial to prefix the pronoun in the indicative present : je mar- 
che, il marche, in order to show which person the verb is in ; 
for the termination here being alike in the first and third 
persons, it requires the aid of the pronouns je and il. 

MOODS. 

The word mood signifies mode or manner ; hence moods 
are certain forms of the verb which serve to show whether 
the affirmation made by the verb is positive or conditional, 
under the form of a command or an entreaty, uncertain, or 
indefinite. 

There are, therefore, five moods : the Indicative, Condi- 
tional, Imperative, Subjunctive and Infinitive. 

indicative mood. 

The indicative mood is so called because it indicates or 
declares ; its affirmation is positive, direct and absolute, and 
depends upon no other word. 

Example : Je lis, tu ecoutais, il etudia, nous serous heureux, I read, 
thou wert listening, he studied, we shall be happy. 

CONDITIONAL MOOD. 

The conditional mood, as its name implies, makes affirma- 
tions subject to certain conditions expressed or understood. 

Example : Nous irions a la promenade (si le temps etait beau), we 
would go out for a walk (if the weather were fine). 

IMPEEATIVE MOOD. 

The imperative mood affirms also, but its affirmation is 
presented under form of command, entreaty, permission 
or exhortation. 

Examples : Sort, faites-moi ce plaisir, allons-nous-en, quHls restent, go 
out, do me that pleasure, let us go, let them stay. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

The word subjunctive means subjoined, or joined subor- 



THE FRENCH YEEB. 5 

dinately, and the subjunctive mood expresses an affirmation 
as dependent on the affirmation of some other verb. 

Examples : Je veux que vous veniez, il faut que vous vous en souveniez, 
I will have you to come, you must remember it. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

The infinitive mood affirms in a vague manner, without 
any reference to number or person ; that is to say, this 
mood has neither singular nor plural, nor the person 
speaking, nor the person spoken to, nor the person spoken 
of which other moods have. 

Examples : Vainer e sans peril, e'est triompher sans gloire, to vanquish 
where there is no peril is to triumph without glory. 

TENSES. 

All affirmations refer either to the past, the present or the 
future ; but owing to certain subdivisions of the first and 
the last of these three, designed to mark the different points 
of past and future time, five tenses are distinguished in 
French verbs, namely : Le present, the present ; Vimparfait, 
the imperfect ; le passe defini, the past definite ; le futur, the 
future ; le jiasse indefini, the past indefinite ; le plus-que-par- 
fait the pluperfect ; le passe anterieur, the past anterior, and 
le futur anterieur, the future anterior. 

THE PRESENT TENSE. 

The present indicative affirms that a thing exists or that 
it is taking place at the present moment, or that it takes 
places habitually. 

Examples : Charles est ici, Charles is here- 

Jean ecrit une lettre, John is writing a letter. 
On faconne les plantes par la culture, et les homines par Ve- 
ducation, plants are fashioned by cultivation, and men 
by education. 

The present is also used to express things which are and 
always will be true. 

Examples : Bieu est eteme : .; sa puissance est sans homes, et sa cle- 
mence est grande, God is everlasting ; his power is un- 
bounded, and his clemency is great. 



6 THE FRENCH VEEB. 

It is sometimes also substituted for the future, for the pur- 
pose of giving more vivacity to the style. 

Examples : Je suis de retour dans un instant, I ani coming back in an 
instant. 
Que faites-vous ce soir ? What are you going to do with. 

yourself this evening. 
Nous parlous apres-demain, we set out the day after to- 
morrow. 

In the first of these two last examples, suis is used in the 
place of serai ; in the second, partons takes the place of par- 
t irons. 

Lastly, the present is not infrequently employed to mark 
a past action with particular energy and intensity, and to 
give more animation to the narrative. 

Examples : Vatel attend quelque temps ; les autres pourvoyeurs ne vin- 
rent point, Vatel waits for some time ; the other pur- 
veyors did not come. 
Ulysse se reveille, et ne sait pas oil il est, Ulysses wakes, 
and knows not where he is. 

THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 

The imperfect serves to express an action which was 
taking place at the. time of another past action. 

Examples : J'ai appris que vons eliez a la campagne le mois dernier, I 
heard that you were in the country last month. 
Nous lisions quand Us entrerent we were reading when they 
came in. 

We likewise make use of the imperfect to mark actions 
or states which were habitual at some time past. 

Example : Quand feiais a Paris je me promenais a eheval tous les ma- 
tins, when I was in Paris I used to go out riding every 
morning. 

The imperfect tense, preceded by the conjunction si, an- 
nounces the condition on the fulfillment of which depends 
the accomplishment of the action expressed by the present 
conditional. 

Example : Si Von vous connaissait on vous estimerait, if you where 
known you would be esteemed. 

the past definite tense. 

The past definite tenses expresses what took place at some 
period of time entirely past, and which is generally men- 
tioned in the sentence. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 7 

Examples : La semaine derniere je remits plusieurs lettres de mon pere, 
last week I received several letters from my father. 
Uannee derniere il y eut une eclipse de soleil, last year there 
was an eclipse of the sun. 

It may be proper tof*observe in this place that Parisians 
rarely make use of the past definite except in the narration 
; of events that took place at a time very long past ; in its 
place they often, though improperly, make use of the past 
indefinite, for which they have a decided preference. We 
will show the distinction between these two tenses, when 
treating of 

THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE. 

The past indefinite serves to mark an action as having 
taken place, either at some time specified in the sentence 
and of which some portion yet remains to be finished, or at 
a time completely past, but which, not being mentioned, 
does not appear definitively as time entirely passed away. 

Examples : II a fait un tres-grand froid cette semaine, it has been very 
cold this week. 
Je Vai vu, mais je ne lid ai pas parte*, i have seen him, 
but not spoken to him. 

In the first of the above examples, it would be improper 
to employ the past definite, inasmuch as the time specified 
has not yet completely rolled over ; in the second, the time 
may be or not entirely past; but it is not mentioned, it is in- 
definite, and for that reason the past indefinite, as its very 
name implies, is the only tense that can be used with pro- 
priety in such a case. 

The past indefinite is often substituted for an immediate 
future anterior. 



Examples ; Attendez-moi, fai fini dans un instant, wait for me, I have 
finished in an instant. 

Instead of : 

Attendez-moi, f aural fini dans un instant, wait for me, I 
shall have finished in an instant. 

Conversely, the future anterior is not infrequently put 
instead of the past indefinite. 

Example : Si vous rtavez pas reussi, c'est que vous aurez mal pris vos 
mesures, if you have not succeded, it is probably bo- 
cause you have not taken the proper measures. 



8 THE FRENCH VERB. 

The future anterior is used in this case to avoid the harsh 
and indelicate expression which would have resulted had 
the past indefinite been employed. Vous. avez mat pris vos 
mesures, you took your measures badly, is too direct an af- 
firmative, and would almost certainly have the effect of 
wounding the sensibility of the person to whom addressed. 

Lastly, this tense serves to express actions which, although 
performed very long ago, still remain in effect. 

Example : Bacine a fait de belles tragedies, Kacine has made some fine 
tragedies. 

THE PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

This tense serves to express what is not only past with re- 
gard to the present time, but past with respect to some 
other action also completely past. 

Examples : J'avais dejeune quand vous vintes me demander, I had 
breakfasted when you came to enquire for me. 
J'ai appris avec peine que vous aviez la fitvre en arrivant d 
Lyon, I was sorry to learn that you had fever on arriv- 
ing at Lyons. 

The pluperfect bears the same relation to the past condi- 
tional as the imperfect does to the present conditional, that 
is to say, it announces the condition on which depends the 
completion of the action expressed by the past conditional. 

Example : Si vous aviez parte plus tot, vous auriez obtenu cette place, 
if you had spoken sooner, you would have obtained 
that place. 

THE PAST ANTERIOR TENSE. 

This tense might appear at first sight to convey the same 
idea as the pluperfect ; but on closer comparison, a marked 
difference will be observed between them. Both, it is true, 
express an action past at the time of the completion of 
another action also past with respect to the present time ; 
but the action expressed by the past anterior is always sub- 
ordinate to that marked by the other past tense accom- 
panying it, while the reverse is the case with the pluperfect, 
which itself always expresses the principal action. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 9 

Example : Quand feus reconnu mon erreur, je fus honteux des mauvais 
procedes que f avals eus d son egard, when I had dis- 
coverd my error, I was ashamed of the unhandsome 
manner in which I had behaved toward him. 

In this phrase, my intention is to say that I was ashamed, 
but not until after I had discovered my error, an accessory 
idea which I express by means of the past anterior. The 
very contrary is the case with the pluperfect, which itself 
always expresses the principal idea. 

Example : J'avais dejeune quand vous vintes me demander, I had 
breakfasted when you came to enquire after me. 

The action on which the stress is laid in this sentence is 
that / had breakfasted; when you came, etc., is but a sec- 
ondary action. 

The past anterior rarely, if ever, occurs without some one 
of the conjunctions quand, lorsque, des que, aussilot que, a 
peine, etc., preceding it. 

THE SECOND PAST ANTERIOR TENSE. 

This tense expresses an action completed at a past time 
with respect to another past action, but of the time at which 
it took place some portion yet remains to be finished. 

Example : Quand fai eu ce matin appris la nouvelle de votre nomination, 
fai couru en /aire part a nos amis communs, when I 
learned this morning the news of your nomination, I 
ran to apprise our mutual friands of it. 

The difference between this tense and the past anterior is, 
that the time at which the action expressed by the latter 
took place is entirely past. 

The second past anterior is very little used. 

THE FUTURE TENSE. 

The future affirms that a thing will exist or an action take 
place at' a point of time not yet arrived. 

Example : Nos corps ressusciteront aujour dernier, our bodies will rise 
again on the last day. . 

The future is often used instead of the imperative, to ex- 
press more forcibly than the latter a command or prohi- 
bition, 



10 THE FRENCH VERB. 

Examples : Tu respecteras tes parents, thou shalt respect thy parents. 
Tu ne mentlras pas, thou shalt not lie. 

There is in French a peculiar and very elegant construction 
in which the future is placed at the begining of the sentence, 
and before the subject, the latter being generally expressed 
by the relative qui. 

Examples ; Croira qui voudra, let who will believe. 

Mira Men qui rira le dernier, laughs well who laughs last. 

In sentences of this kind, the relative qui, says Lemare, 
rather indicates than expresses the subject, which is really 
understood. In the phrase croira qui voudra, there is an 
ellipsis, for the complete sentence would he : celui qui vou- 
dra croira, he who likes will believe. The second also pre- 
sents a similar ellipsis. 

Observe that with this construction, which is very common 
in French with all the tenses, there are always two verbs in the 
same tense, and, besides, that the order of the two verbs is 
inverted ; for we have just seen that by expressing the real 
subject which is understood before qui, the construction is 
changed from the inverted to the natural order : celui qui 
voudra croira, he who likes will believe. It is then the inver- 
sion that allows of the suppression of the. subject : croira qui 
voudra, believe who will. 

THE FUTURE ANTERIOR. 

The future anterior affirms that someting shall have taken 
place at the time of another future action. 

Examples : Quand faurai fini mes affaires, je vous irai voir, when I 
shall have finished my business, I will go and see you. 
I? article aura ete publie quand Vauteur se presentera, the ar- 
ticle shall have been published when the author pre- 
sents himself. 

This tense is also used, instead of the past indefinite, for 
the purpose rather of expressing one's thought, under shadow 
of a doubt, than of making a positive affirmation. 

Examples : Vous aurez neglige quelque precaution, which is equi- 
valent to: 
Peut-etre avez-vous neglige quelque precaution, you have 
perhaps, or, you must have neglected some precaution. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 11 

THE PRESENT CONDITIONAL 

The present conditional expresses that an action would 
take place at the present time, if a certain condition or con- 
ditions were fulfilled. 

Exampe : II iralt a la campagne si le temps le lui permettait, he would 
go the country if the weater permitted. 

THE PAST CONDITIONAL. 

' This tense affirms that an action would have taken place 
at a past time, if a certain condition or conditions had been 
fulfilled. 

Example : II serait alle a la campagne si le temps le lui avait permis, he 
would have gone to the country if the weather had 
permitted. 

THE SECOND PAST CONDITIONAL. 

This tenses expresses in every respect the same idea as 
the past conditional ; but it is not of so frequent use as the 
latter in ordinary conversation. 

Example : Iln'eut pas envoye la lettre s 9 U rieut pas cru qiCelle put arri- 
ver a temps, he would not have sent the letter if he had 
not thought that it might arrive in. time. 

The different tenses of the conditional serve to express a 
wish or desire. 

Example : Je serais, faurais ete or feusse ete content d'obtenir votre 
suffrage, I would be, or would have been glad to ob- 
tain your suffrage. 

They may be preceded by si, expressive of doubt or un 
certainty. 

Example : Dites-moi si vous ne seriez pas venu hier au soir suppose que 
vous n'eussiez pas eu affaire, tell me if you would not 
have come yesterday evening supposing you had not 
had any thing to do. 

Lastly, these tenses may be used in the place of several 

tenses of the indicative. 

Example : J'aimerais qu'on travaillat a former le cozur et Vesprit de la 
jeunesse, I would like to see efforts made to form the 
hearts and minds of young people. 
Ce devrait etre le principal but de Veducacion, that should 
be the principal object of education. 



12 THE FRENCH VERB. 

ISauriez-vous soupconnS dhin vice si de'shonorant ? would 
you have suspected him of so demeaning a vice ? 

Pourquoi violerait-U un des devoirs les plus saints? why- 
should he violate one of the most sacred of duties ? 

In the first and second sentences, the conditional is in the 
place of the present : <Taimerais stands for faime, and ce 
devrait for ce doit ; in the third, the past conditional is sub- 
stituted for a past tense : Vauriez-vous soupgonne means 
simply I'avez-vous soupgonne, and in the last sentence, pour- 
quoi violerait-il signifies pourquoi violera-t-il, and consequently 
is equivalent to a future. 

Great attention is necessary in order to avoid an error 
into which foreigners commonly fall, namely, that of using 
the conditional present for the imperfect, and the condi- 
tional past for the pluperfect. It is an invariable rule that 
neither the futures nor the tenses of the conditional can be 
employed with si, if, conditional ; hence it is improper to 
say : Je vous presenterai a lui se vous viendrez ce soir, I will 
introduce you to him if you will come this evening ; or : 
vous veriez le president si vous viendriez, you would see the 
president if you would come. In the first example, si vous 
venez should be used ; in the second, si vous veniez. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD 

The imperative has already been spoken of in this book, 
but as a mood, and not as a tense ; we shall therefore add 
here a few remarks on its uses and signification with re- 
gard to time. This mood has really but one tense ; but 
this one generally marks two : a present, with regard to 
the action of commanding, entreating, exhorting or per- 
mitting, and a future, insomuch as the command, entreaty, 
exhortation or permission is concerned. 

Examples : Soulagez la vertu malheureuse, relieve the misfortunes of 
the virtuous. 
Venez me voir demain, come and see me to-morrow. 

It will be observed in the various conjugations of verbs 
given hereafter, that the imperative has no 1st person sing., 
inasmuch as one cannot speak to one's self in the first per- 
son : the individual spoken to is always in the second per- 
son ; but it has a first person plural, for in commanding, 



THE FRENCH VERB. 13 

etc., others to act in conjunction with us, we address our- 
selves just as directly as those who we wish to join us in the 
accomplishment of the action. The English has no separate 
form for this person ; but in French the termination ons is 
sufficiently precise, and does not require the aid of a con- 
junction or of another verb. 

Example : Appliquons-nous a V etude, let us apply ourselves to study. 

The first person plural is very frequently used in French 
in the case of a person addressing himself ; but observe that 
in this case the adjective, if there be any in the sentence, 
can by no means take the plural form. 

Example : Ah I soyons sage ; il est bien temps de Vetre, Ah ! let's be 
wise ; it is high time to be so. 

THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. 

This tense marks, without any change of form, either a 
present or a future action ; and it is only by closely ex- 
amining the tense that we can discover whether it is a 
present or a future that is referred to. 

Examples : Voire cousin est tres-modeste, quoiqu'U soit tres-instruci, 
your cousin is very modest although he is very 
learned. 
Je desire que vous en fassiez voire ami, I desire you to 
make a friend of him. 

In the first of these examples, quoiqu'U soit points out a 
present time ; whilst, in the second, je desire que vous en 
fassiez votre ami refers to future time, and is equivalent to : 
Vous en ferez votre ami,je le desire, you will make your friend 
of him, I desire it. 

THE IMPEKFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. 

The imperfect subjunctive, like the imperfect indicative, 
expresses an action which, although past, is present with 
regard to another past action. 

Example : Je desirais qu'il en fit son ami, I desired that he should 
make his friend of him. 

THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE. 

The past subjunctive expresses an action past with regard 
to the present time. 



14 



THE FRENCH- VEEB. 



Example : Je suis enchante que vous ayez fait sa connaissance, I am 
delighted that you have made his acquaintance. 

It also at times marks a future anterior, as in the follow- 
ing 

Example : N~ous ne eachatterons pas cette lettre que vous ne Vayez lue, 
we shall not seal this letter until you have read it, 

This last phrase is equivalent to : Quand vous aurez he 
cette lettre, nous la cachetierons, when you shall have read that 
letter, we shall seal it. 

THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. 

This tense, like the pluperfect indicative, marks an action 
that is past, with respect to another action also pasfc. 

Example : Je ne croyais pas que vous eussiez sitotfuii, I did not think 
you would have finished so soon. 

It is also susceptible of expressing* a future. 

Example : Je voudrals que vous eussiez fail quand je reviendrai, I 
would wish you to have finished when I come back. 

THE PRESENT INFINITIVE. 

It has been already observed that the infinitive affirms in 
a vague and indefinite manner ; nevertheless, gramma- 
rians agree in giving the name of present tense to the 
simple form of that mood, inasmuch as the action which it 
expresses takes place at the same time as that of the verb 
in a personal mood ] by which it is usually accompanied. 

Example : Les moments sont trop chers pour les perdre en paroles, the 
moments are too precious to lose them in words. 

THE PAST INFINITIVE. 

The past infinitive only expresses a past action with 
respect to the action of the verb that precedes it. 

Example : Quiconque a beaucoup vu pent avoir beaucoup retenu, who- 
ever has seen much may have retained much. 

THE PRESENT PARTICIPJLE. 

This participle is so called because it is sometimes a verb 

1 All the moods, except the infinitive, are personal, and are so called be- 
cause they are not vague, bub restricted to such modifications as person, 
number, tense, etc. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 15 

and sometimes an adjective ; hence it is said to participate 
of the nature of both. 

The present participle expresses an action performed by 
the word which it qualifies, and which is always present with 
respect to any other time, whether past, present or future. 

Example : L 'avarice perd tout en voulant tout gagner, avarice loses all 
by wishing to gain all. 

THE PAST PARTICIPLE. 

The past participle presents the action as completely 
finished at the time to which it refers. 

Example : L'eleve ay ant fini ses etudes est parti, the pupil having 
finished his studies went away. 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

Tenses are of two kinds : primitive and derivative ; the 
primitive tenses are those which are not formed from any 
others ; and the derivative tenses, those formed or derived 
from the primitive tenses. 

The primitive tenses are five in number : 

1st. The Present Infinitive, from which are formed the future and 

CONDITIONAL ; 

2d. The Present Participle, from which are formed the three per- 
sons plural of the present indicative, the imperfect indica- 
tive, and the present subjunctive ; 

3d. The Past Participle, from which are formed all the compound 
tenses. 

4th. The Present Indicative, from which is formed the Imperative, 
and 

5th. The Past Definite, from which is formed the -imperfect sub- 
junctive. 

We shall now explain in the clearest and most minute 
manner possible the formation of the tenses in each per- 
son ; and to that end we shall follow the excellent method 
adopted by M. Verlac, namely the conjugation side by side 
of the four model verbs. In order to avoid confusion, and 
to enable the pupil to bestow his whole attention on the 
chief object of study in this section, the English translations 
have been designedly omitted in the following exercise. 
The four model conjugations commence on page 41. 



16 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



1st. 



EULES. 

Indicative present Primitive 
tense. 



Je marche, j'emplis, je recois, je 
rends. The three persons plural of 
this tense are formed from the pre- 
sent participle, by changing ant 
into ons, ez, ent, respectively. 

Mabchant, Emplissant, Ee- 

CEVANT, EENDANT. NoUS MAE- 
CHONS, nOUS EMPLISSONS, nOUS EE- 
CEVONS, nOUS RENDONS. VoUS 
MAECHEZ, VOUS EMPLISSEZ, VOUS EE- 
CEVEZ, VOUS EENDEZ. lis MAB- 
CHENT, ils EMPLISSENT, Us RECOI- 
VENT, ils BENDENT. 

As for the verbs in oir, as rece- 
voir, they make the third person 
plural of the present indicative in 
oivent : ils recoivent, ils doivent, etc. 

2nd Imperfect. Derivative tense. 

The impeeeect is formed from 
the present participle by changing 
ant into ais. 

Maechant, Emplissant, Eece- 
vant, Eendant. 

Je maechais, j'emplissais, je EE- 

CEVAIS, je EENDAIS. 

3rd Past definite. Primitive tense. 

Je marGhai, j'emplis, je recus, je 
rendis. 



4th. Past indefinite. Derivative tense. 

J'ai marche*, j'ai empli, j'ai recu, 
j'ai rendu. 

GENEEAL EULE. 

The past indefinite, like all the 
compound tenses, is formed by the 
past participle of the principal verb 
and the simple tenses of either of 
the auxiliaries avoir or itre, as occa- 
sion may require. 



Exceptions. 
1st. Indicative present 



Certain verbs do not form their 
tenses regularly, that is to say, 
changing the last syllable does not 
give the tense in the form autho- 
rized by usage. 

Thus, Sachant makes nous sa- 
vons, vous savez, ils savent; ayant 
makes nous avons, vous avez> ils 
ont; mouvant makes ils meuvent; 
pouvant, ils peuvent; voulant, ils 
veulent; disant, vous diies ; etant, 
nous sommes, vous etes, ils sont ; 
eaisant, vous faites, ils font. 

Derivatives of the above formed 
in like manner. 



2nd. Imperfect. 

There are two verbs that do not 
follow the general rule in the im- 
perfect : Sachant makes je savais; 
ayant, yavais 



4th. Past indefinite. 

Eemaek on this and all the com- 
pound TENSES. 

From the past participle are 
formed : 1st, the past indefinite, by 
placing before it the present indi- 
cative of the verb Avoie : j'ai raar- 
che; 2nd, the pluperfect, by adding 
the imperfect indicative of Avoie : 
yavais marche ; 3rd, the past ante- 
rior, with the help of the past defi- 



THE FBENCH VEEB. 



17 



5th. Pluperfect Derivative tense. 

J'avais marche, j'avais empli, j'a- 
Tais recu, j'avais rendu. 

6th. Past anterior. Derivative tense. 

J'eus marche, j'eus empli, j'eus 
recu, j'eus descendu. 



1th. Future. Derivative tense. 

The future is formed from the 
present infinitive. 

1st. In verbs of the first and sec- 
ond conjugation, by adding ai to the 
final consonant, r, of the infinitive. 

Marcher, Emplir ; 

Je MARCHERai, j'empeircm. 

2nd. In some verbs in oir, by 
changing oir into rai. 

Recevoir, Apercevoir, Devoir ; 

Je RECEvra?, j'APERCEvrai, je de- 
vrat. 

3rd. Lastly, in verbs of the 
fourth conjugation, by changing 
the first syllable re into rai 

Descendre, Lire, Plaindre ; 

Je DESCENDrai, jeEirai, je plain- 
i>rai. 

Pourvoir and Prevoir make the 
future regular : je pour voir ai, je 
prevoirai. 

8th. Future anterior. Derivative tense. 

J'aurai marche', j'aurai empli, 
j'aurai recu, j'aurai descendu. 

Wi. Conditional present. Derivative 
tense. 

To form the conditional present 



nite of the same auxiliary : j'eus 
marchS. Hence it is seen that the 
simple tenses only of the verb 
Avoir are used in all the compound 
tenses, save the second past ante- 
rior, and the second future ante- 
rior, in which the past indefinite 
and the future anterior of Avoir 
appear. 

The compound tenses of the 
neuter verbs which take the auxi- 
liary Etre, and those of all pronomi- 
nal verbs are formed with the 
simple tenses of Etre : je suis torn- 
be, nous nous etions convenu. 

Passive verbs take both the gim- 
ple and compound tenses of Etre, 
as will be seen in the model con- 
jugation to be given hereafter. 

7th. Future, 

There are verbs whose future 
cannot be formed from the present 
infinitive. They are : 

1st Conjugation. Axler, which 
makes j'irai 

2nd Conjugation. Courir, which 
makes je courrai ; Mourir, je mow* 
rai; Acquerir, yacquerrai; Con- 
querir, je conquerrai ; Cueillir, 
je cueillerai ; Saxllir, which, when 
it signifies to protrude, speaking of 
a wall, makes il saUlera ; Tenir, 
which makes je tiendrai ; Yenir, 
which makes je viendrai. 

3rd Conjugation. Avoir, which 
makes j'aurai; Eecevoir, je rece- 
vrai; Dechoie, je decherrai ; 
Echoir, il echerra ; Faleoir, il 
faudra ; Pouvoir, je pourrai ; Sa- 
voir, je saurai ; S'asseoir, je m'as- 
sierai; Voir, je verrai ; Pleuvojr, 
il pleuvra ; Vaeoir, il vaudrai ; Vou- 
loir, je voudrai. 

4th Conjugation. Etre, which 
makes je serai ; Faire, je/erai 

$th. Conditional present. 
All the exceptions enumerated 



18 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



it is only necesary to add an s> to 
the future. This is an invariable 
rule. 

Je MAECHEEAI, je MAECHEEAIS ; 

j'empmeai, j'emplieais ; je eece- 
veai, je eeceveais ; je eendeai, je 

EENDEAIS. 

10^. Past Conditional Derivative 
tense, 

J'eusse march e', j'eusse empli, 
j'eusse reeu, j'eusse rendu. 

11th. Imperative. Derivative tense. 

The impeeative is formed from 
the present indicative by omitting 
the personal pronouns, je, nous, 
vous. 

1st Conjugation. 3rd Conjugation. 

Je maeche, mae- Je ee£ois ; ee- 

[che ; [901s ; 

NOUS AIMONS, AI- NOUS EECEVONS, 

[MONS ; [EECEVONS ; 

VOUS AIMEZ, AI- VOUS EECEVEZ, 

[MEZ. [EECEVEZ. 

2nd Conjugation. 4dh Conjugation. 
J'emplis, em- Je eends, eends ; 
[plis ; 

NOUS EMPLIS- NOUS EENDONS, 

[sons, emplis- [eendons ; 

[sons ; 

VOUS EMPMSSEZ, VoUS EENDEZ, 

[emplissez. [eendez. 

12th. Subjunctive present. Derivative 
tense. 

The subjunctive peesent is 
formed from the present partici- 
ple by changing ant into an e 
mute. Verbs of the 3rd conjuga- 
tion, however, change evant into 
oive. 

MaechcmJ, que je MAECHe, que 

tu MAECH6S ; 

EMPLissan^, que j'EMPLisse, que 
tu EMPusses : 



under the Future are applicable to 
the Conditional present, it only 
being necesary to add an s to the 
termination of the former in order 
to form the latter. 



11th. Imperative. 

Four verbs form the imperative 
irregularly. They are : 

Je vais, which makes va ; j'ai, 
aie ; je sais, sache; je suis, sois, 



12th. Subjunctive present 

There are some verbs that form 
this tense irregularly. They are : 

In the first Conjugation : 

Allant, which makes que j'ai/- 
le, que tu ailles, qu'il aille, qu'ils 
aillent. 

(The first and second persons 
plural of this tense are regular.) 

In the second conjugation : 



THE FEENCH VEKB. 



19 



KECEvan^, que je EECorve, que tu 
EECOives ; 

KENDanf, que je BENDe, que tu 

EENDeS. 

Observation. — The first and se- 
cond persons plural are exactly 
identical with those of the imper- 
fect indicative. 

Imperfect Subjunct Pres. 

Nous MARcmons, Que nous mae- 

[cmons. 
Vous MAEcmez, Que vous mae- 

[cmez. 
Nous EMPussons, Que nous em- 

[■piAssions. 
Vous EMPEissiez, Que vous em- 

[vijissiez. 
Nous BECEvz'ons, Que nous bece- 

[Yions. 
Vous EECEviez, Que vous eece- 

\yiez. 

NOUS EEND1071S, Que UOUS EEN- 

[pions. 
Vous EENDiez, Que VOUS EENDieZ. 

13th. Imperfect Subjunctive. 
Derivative Tense. 

The IMPEEFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is 

formed from the past definite of 
the indicative by changing the 
syllable ai into asse, for verbs of 
the 1st conjugation. 

Je MAECHai, Que je MAECHasse, etc. 

And by adding the syllable se to 
the first person singular of the past 
definite, for the three other conjuga- 
tions. 

J'emplis, que j'EMPEisse ; je 
becus, que je EEcusse ; je bendis, 
oue je EENDisse. 

14th. Past. Derivative tense. 

Que j'aie marche, que j'aie empli, 
que j'aie recu, que j'aie rendu. 



Tenant, que je iienne, que tu 
tiennes, qu'il tienne, qu'ils tiennent. 

Venant, which makes que je 
vienne, que tu viennes, qu'il vienne, 
qu'ils viennent. 

(The first and second persons 
plural of these two verbs are regu- 
lar.) 

In the third conjugation : 

Pouvant, which makes que je 
puisse, que tu puisses, qu'il puisse, 
que nous puissions, que vous puis- 
siez, qu'ils puissent. 

Valant, which makes que je 
vaille, que tu vailles, qu'il vaille, 
qu'ils vaillent. 

Voulant, which makes que je 
veuille, que tu veuilles, qu'il veuille, 
qu'ils veuillent. 

Mouvant, which makes que je 
meuve, que tu meuves, qu'il meuve, 
qu'ils meuvent. 

(In the three last verbs the first 
and second persons plural are 
regular. ) 

Faleoib, which has no present 
participle, makes qu'il faille. 

In the fourth conjugation : 

Faisant, which makes que je 
f asses, que tu f asses, etc. 

Buvant, which makes que je 
boive, que tu boives, qu'il boive, 
qu'ils boivent. 

Peenant, which makes que je 
prenne, que tupren?ies, qu'il prenne, 
qu'ils prennent. 

(The first and second persons 
plural of these two last verbs are 
regular. ) 

£tant, which makes que je sois, 
que tu sois, qu'il soit, que nous 
soyons, que vous soyez, qvCilzsoient. 



20 



THE FKENCH VERB. 



It is needless to observe that all 
these exceptions belong to irregular 
verbs. They will be found scatter- 
ed through the various irregular 
conjugations given in the tableaux 
at the end of the work. 

Those tenses of which nothing 
has been said here are regular. 



15th. Pluperfect Derivative tense. 

Que j'eusse marche', que j'eusse 
empli, que j'eusse recu, que j'eusse 
rendu. 

16th. Infinitive, Primitive tense. \ 

Marcher, ernplir, recevoir, rendre. 

/The foregoing formation of the tenses and exceptions are 
not at all in contradiction with the rules to be laid down 
hereafter ; nor do they prevent the changing of y into i 
before a mute e in verbs in ayer, oyer, uyer. It is, however, 
to be desired that the learner should become thoroughly 
familiar with the contents of the left-hand column, before 
passing to the column of exceptions. 

It may be well to remark here, that, in whatever verb a 
primitive tense may be found wanting, the tenses derived 
therefrom are also lacking. For instance, the verb traire, to 
milk, has no imperfect indicative, because usage has refused 
it a past definite in the indicative. 



CONCORD OE AGREEMENT OF TENSES. 

Between the various tenses of each mood, and between 
those of the different moods, there exists a certain relation- 
ship on which depends the nature of the idea that we wish 
to convey. This relationship, which is called concord or. 
agreement of tenses, we learn insensibly in the native 
language; but when endeavoring to acquire a foreign tongue, 
some rules may be laid down to guide the student in the 
choice of the tenses that ought to be used with certain others, 
in order to the suitable expression of his idea. 

The tense in which the second or subordinate verb is to 
be put is determined by the tense of the principal or leading 
verb ; and the concord between tenses can only take place 
in compound sentences containing several verbs depending 
upon each other. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



21 



CONCORD OF THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. 

The tenses of the indicative agree with each other in such 
sort that — 

The present corresponds : 
1st. to another present, ] 



! Je lis 
h I read 

2nd. to the past indefinite, 

The imperfect corresponds : 

1st. to another imperfect, 



2nd. to the past indefinite, 



Je lisais 
I read 



Quand yous Hsez, 
When you read. 

Quand vous avez lu, 
h When you have read. 



Quand vous ecriviez, 
When you were writing. 

Quand vous avez ecrit, 



3rd. to the past definite, 

The past definite corresponds 

to another past dfienite, 

and nearly always to the 

past anterior. 

The past indefinite corresponds 
1st. to another past indefinite 



When you wrote. 



Je vins 
I came. 



2nd. to the imperfect, 
3rd. to compound past an- 
terior, 



Quand vous ecrivites, 
When you wrote. 



Quand vous le vouluies, 
When you wished it. 

Quand feusfini, 
When I had finished. 



Aussitot que vous Vavez 

voulu, 
As soon as you (have) 

wished it. 



J'ai lu 
r : I (have) read ' 



Pendant que vous ecriviez, 
Whilst you were writing, 

Apres que vous avez eu 

dine, 
After you had done dining. 



The past anterior corresponds almost always 
to the past definite, 



f Quand j'eu.9 Zuvous entrates, 
I When I had read you came in. 



I Apres que yeus lu on me demanda, 
I After I had read I was enquired for. 



22 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



The pluperfect corresponds : 
1st. to the imperfect, 



2nd. to the past definite, 
3rd. to the past indefinite. 



J' 'avals lit 
I had read 



4th. to the past anterior, 

The future corresponds : 

1st. to the present indicative, 



2nd. to the past indefinite, 



3rd. to another future, 



Je partlrai 
I shall leave 



Quand vous entriez, 
When you were entering. 

Quand vous entrates, 
When you entered. 

Quand vous ties entre, 
When you (have) entered. 

Quand vous fides entre, 
h When you had entered. 



Si vous le dtslrez, 
If you wish it. 

Si vous avez flni votre ou-> 

vrage, 
If you have finished your 

work. 

Quand vous voudrez, 
When you (will) please. 

Quand vous Yaurez dit, 
m When you* will have said it. 



4th. to the future anterior. 

The future anterior corresponds : 

f Quand vous aurez fini je partlrai, 
to the future, -j When you (will) have finished I shall 

I leave. 

The present conditional corresponds : 

Quaud un coupable Schapperait au 

chatiment, il riechapperait pas au 

remords, 
Although an evildoer should escape 

chastisement, he would not escape 

remorse. 

f Je vous alderals volontiers de ma 
j bourse si j'etais plus heureux, 
} I would willingly aid you with my 
L purse if I were better off. 

Je vous croirais si vous riaviez pas 

contradt la malheureuse habitude 

de mentir, 
I would believe you if you had not 

contracted the unfortunate habit 

of lying. 



1st. to another present condi- 
tional, 

2nd. to the imperfect, 
3rd. to the pluperfect, 



THE FRENCH VERB. 23 

Remark. — The present conditional of the verb savoir is 
often used instead of the present indicative of the verb 
2)ou voir : je ne saurais venir, for je ne puis venir, I cannot 
come. But what is most strange is the fact that je ne 
saurais, etc., can never be used for the present conditional 
of pouvoir : je pourrais, etc. ; for instance, it would be im- 
proper to say : sije mangeais de celaje ne saurais dormir de la 
nuit ; the proper expression is : Si je mangeais de cela je ne 
2iourrais dormir de la nuit, if I were to eat some of that I could 
not sleep the whole night. It is also important to bear in 
mind that the verb savoir can never be used for pouvoir with- 
out the negative ne before it ; thus, we cannot say ye saurais 
for je puis. 

Je ne saurais, etc., in this sense, therefore, corresponds to 
the same tenses as the present indicative. 

On dirait, one would say, which is equivalent to it semble, 
it appears, corresponds likewise to the same tenses as the pre- 
sent indicative, inasmuch as it has the effect of a present 
tense, and by no means that of a conditional. 

The past conditional corresponds : 

f Les Romains auraient conserve leur empire stir la 

terre s'ils avaient conserve' leurs anciennes vertus. 

to the pluperfect, -j The Iiomains would have retained their dominion 

over the earth if they had held to their early vir- 

L tues. 

The second past conditional corresponds : 

f Quand meme Alexandre eut con- 
quis tonte la terre, il rieut pas 

to another second past conditional, \ A1 4 ough l le ' xander had conquer- 

ed the whole earth he would not 
have been satisfied. 

CONCORD OF THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE WHEN VERBS ARE 
JOINED TOGETHER BY THE CONJUNCTION QUE 

When two verbs are joined together by the conjunction 
que, the second verb is put in the indicative, if the first ex- 
press something positive ; and the present indicative corres- 
ponds : 



24 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



1st to another present in- 
dicative, 

2nd to the future, 



3rd to the future anterior, 
4th to the imperfect, 
5th to the past definite, 
6th to the past indefinite, 

7th to the pluperfect, 



8th to the present conditio- 
nal, 



9th to the past conditional, 



10th to the second past con- 
ditional. 



On m'assure 
I am assured 



que vous partez auiour- 
d'hui, 

that you set out to-day, 

que vous partirez demain, 

that you will set out to- 
morrow, 

que vous serez parti, 

that you will have set out, 

que vous partiez, 

that you were setting out, 

que vous partites hier, 

that you set out yesterday, 

que vous etes parti ce ma- 
tin, 

that you (have) set out this 
morning, 

que vous eliez parti hier 
avant moi, 

that you had set out yes- 
terday before me, 

que vous partiriez aujour- 
d'hui, si, etc., 

that you would set out to- 
day, if, etc., 

que vous seriez parti hier, 
si, etc., 

that you would have set 
out yesterday, if, etc., 

que vous fussiez parti plus 
tot, si, etc., 

that you would have set 
out earlier, if, etc. 



If the second verb express a passing action, present with 
respect to the action marked by the first verb, the imper- 
fect, the past definite, the jMst indefinite and the pluperfect of 
the indicative then correspond 



to the imperfect, 



' On disaii 
it was said 
On dit 
it was said 
On a dit 
it has been said 
On avait dit 
It had been said 



que vous aimiez l'e'tude, 
that you were fond of study. 



If it be intended to express an action past with respect to 
the first verb, then the tenses enumerated in the preceding 
rule coiTespond 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



25 



to the pluperfect, 



On disaii 

It was said 

On dit 

It was said 

On a dit 

It has been said 

On avait dit 

It had been said 



que vous avlez aime 1' etude, 
- that you had been fond of 
study. 



But if it be desired to express a future with respect to the 
action of the first verb, the tenses mentioned in the last rule 
but one preceding correspond then : 



to the present conditional, 



On disait 

It was said 

On dit 

It was said 

On a dit 

It has been said 

On avait dit 

It had been said 



que vous aimeriez Y<S- 
tude, 

that you would like stu- 
dy. 



"When the second verb affirms something that is true at 
all times, or when it expresses an action that may be per- 
formed at any time, the imperfect, past definite, past indefinite 
Kadi pluperfect indicative then corespond : 



r 



to the present indicative, - 



Je vous disais 
I used to tell you 



Je vous dis 
I told you 



Je vous ai dit 
I have told you 



que les crimes secrets 
ont les dieux pour te'- 
moins, (and not 
avaient, ) 

that secret crimes have 
the gods for witnesses. 

, que l'espoir est le seul 
bien des coeurs infor- 
tune's, (and not 
etait, ) 
that hope is the only 
comfort for distressed 
hearts. 

qu'il n'y a rien de stable 
et de permanent dans 
le monde, (and not il 
rCy avait rien, ) 

that their is nothing sta- 
ble and permanent in 
the world. 



26 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Je vous avals dit 
to the present indicative, ] j had told you 



que la sante' fait la feli- 
city du corps, et le sa- 
voir celle de 1' esprit, 
(and not faisait, ) 

that health constitutes 
the felicity of the 
body, and learning 
that of the mind. 



CONCORD OF THE TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE WITH THOSE 
OF THE INDICATIVE. 

The present subjunctive corresponds : 

1st. to the present indicative 

2nd. to the future " 



3rd. to the future anterior in- 
dicative, 



Je veux 

I wish 

Je voudrai 

I shall wish 

Quand y aural voulu 

When I shall have wished 



que tu viennes, 
you to come. 



The imperfect subjunctive corresponds 
1st. to the imperfect indicative, 

2nd. to the past definite " 

3rd. to the past indefinite ' * 

4th. to the pluperfect " 

5th. to the two conditionals, 



f Je voulals, 
I wished 
Je voulus 
I wished 
J'ai voulu 
I have wished 
J'avais voulu 
I had wished 
Je voudrais 
I would wish 



que tu vinsses, 
you to come. 



The past subjunctive corresponds 



1st. to the present 

2nd. to the past indefi- 
nite 
3rd. to the future 

4th. to the future ante- 
rior. 



indicative 



Je veux 

I wish 

J'ai voulu 

I wished 

Je voudrai 

I shall wish 

& aural voulu 

I shall have wished 



que tu aies 

ecrit 
you to have 

written. 



The pluperfect subjunctive corresponds 



1st. to the imperfect f 



2nd. to the past indefi- 
nite 
3rd. to the past definite 



\ indicative 



Je voulais 
I was wishing 
J'ai voulu 
I wished 
Je voulus 
I wished 



que tu eus- 
ses ecrit. 

you had 
written. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



27 



4th. to the pluperfect 

5th. to the present con- 
ditional 

6th. to the past conditio- 
nal 



indicative, 



Quand j'eus voulu 
When I had wished 
Je voudrais 
I should wish 
J'aur'ais voulu. 
I should have wished 



que tu/us- 
ses venu. 

you had 
come. 



COBEESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH TO THE ENGLISH 

TENSES. 

We have now seen that there are in the French indica- 
ticative eight tenses, viz. : the present, imperfect, past definite 
and future, which are simple tenses, and the past indefinite, 
pluperfect, past anterior and future anterior, which are com- 
pound. But the English indicative has only six tenses, 
hence some of these must at times correspond to more than 
one French tense. It shall, therefore, be our endeavor in 
the present Chapter to show the exact relation existing 
between the tenses of the two languages, and to give exam- 
ples that shall render the rules fully intelligible and of easy 
application. 

PRESENT INDICATIVE. 

The French present indicative has, like all the simple 
tenses in the French language, but one form, while the 
English present indicative has three different forms. For 
instance, je marche may mean either / walk, I am icalking 
or I do walk. The first of these forms is used in English to 
express an habitual action ; the second to mark an action 
taking place at the moment of speaking, and the third to 
affirm with particular emphasis. The context always guides 
the translator in determining which meaning is desired to 
be conveyed be the French verb. 

It has been seen in the earlier pages of this book, that the 
French present indicative is sometimes used for an imme- 
diate future ; in such cases it is usual to translate it, either 
by the second English form of present given above, or by the 
future. Thus, je suis de retour dans un moment, may be 
translated with equal correctness by either of the two phra- 
ses : I shall be back in a moment, or I am coming back in 
a moment. The latter form is, however, to be preferred, as 



28 THE FRENCH VERB. 

it seems to convey the idea that the accomplishment is 
nearer at hand than if expressed by the future, which is at 
all times more or less indefinite. 

We stated two paragraphs back that the French present 
has but one form ; this remark must, nevertheless, be 
understood to refer to verbs in their simple form only ; 
for in French, as in English, present time may be marked 
by compound forms. These compounds are usually com- 
posed of the present tense of aller or devoir, and the in- 
finitive of the principal verb. 

Examples : Je vais tourner, I am going to turn. 11 va icrire une lettre, 
he is going to write a letter. 
Nous devons sortir, we are to go out. Je dois diner ce soir 
chez le general, I am to dine this evening at the general's. 

But notwithstanding vais, va, devons, dots are in the pre- 
sent, inasmuch as the action expressed has not yet taken 
place, the above forms are more properly future than present. 

The English form of present consisting of the present 
indicative and the present participle of the verb to be, is ex- 
pressed in French by the simple form of the indicative pre- 
sent, preceded by the indefinite pronoun on. 

Examples : On me tourne, I am being turned. ' On construit la mai- 
son, the house is being built. 

Of course these two examples, and all expressions of this 
class, may be given in English with the same construction 
as in French, with the help of the indefinite they. 

Examples : On me tourne, they turn (or are turning) me. On con- 
struit la maison, they are building the house. 

There is in French still another form, the reflective form, 
which is almost always rendered into English by the pas- 
sive. It is composed of the simple present indicative pre- 
ceded by the indefinite se. 

Examples : Ce mot-la s'ecrit avec deux I, that word is written with two 
l's. Ces maisons se construisent avec des briques, those 
houses are built with bricks. 

The French present corresponds to the English perfect, in 
sentences like the following : 

Examples : Je suis ici depuis un an, I have been here a year. On 
bdiit cette maison depuis dix mots, they have been ten 
months building that house. Je vous appelle depuis cinq 
minutes, I have been calling you these five minutes. 



THE FRENCH YERB. 29 

In all cases not comprised in the foregoing remarks, the 
French present corresponds exactly to the English present. 

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. 

The imperfect, like the present, has but one simple form, 
which corresponds to the four forms of the English im- 
perfect. Thus je marchais, may signify, according to cir- 
cumstances, either I walked, I did walk, I used to walk, or I 
was walking. 

Past time is also sometimes marked in French with com- 
pound imperfects, composed of the imperfect of aller or 
devoir, and the infinitive of the principal verb. 

Examples : J'allais tourner, I was going to turn. 11 allait ecrire, he 
was going to write. 
Nous devious sortir, we were to go out. Je devais diner 
chez le general, I was to dine at the general's. 

The English form of imperfect, was being, with a past 
participle, and the simple verb preceded by the indefinite 
they, may be rendered into French by the simple form of 
the imperfect indicative preceded by either the indefinite on 
or the indefinite se. 

Examples : On construisait la maison, or la maison se construisait, the 
house was being built, or they were building the house. 
Onfaisait cela, or cela se faisait, tous les jours, that was 
done every day. 

• The French imperfect is translated into English by the 
pluperfect, instead of the imperfect, in all cases like the 
following : 

Examples : J'e'tais ici depuis un an, I had been here a year. On con- 
sfruisait cette maison depuis dix mois, they had been ten 
months building that house. Je vous appelais depuis 
cinq minutes, I had been calling you for five minutes 
past. 

The French imperfect indicative, preceded by the condi- 
tional si, if, corresponds to the English imperfect subjunc- 
tive. 

Examples : St nous elions bons nous serions heureux, if we were good 
we would be happy. Si fttais en credit je vous serais 
utile, were I in credit I might be useful to you. 

In phrases similar to the following, the French imperfect 



Q 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



is rendered into English by either had or should ham, fol~ 
lowed by the past participle of the verb expressing the ac- 
tion. 

Example : Un moment de plus et je perdais, one moment longer and I 
had, or should have, lost. 

The French and English imperfects correspond exactly 
to each other in all cases not included in the above obser- 
vations. 

PAST DEFINITE. 

The past definite is always translated into English by the 
simple form of the imperfect. 

Examples : II fit un tres-grand froid Vhiver passe, it was very cold last 
winter, froiefut delruiie par Us Grecs, Troy was des- 
troyed by the Greeks. 

PAST INDEFINITE. 

The past indefinite is often, though improperly, used in 
the place of the past definite, and should then be rendered 
into English by the simple form of the imperfect. 

Example : J'ai ecrit hier a ma tarde, I wrote yesterday to my aunt. 

In this example, fai ccrit is employed for fecrivis, which 
substitution is common among Parisians, and in familiar 
conversation generally. 

It has already been seen that the past indefinite is used 
at times for the future anterior ; and it may by well to add 
here, that the sense of futurity is all times clearly indicated by 
some such phrase as: dans un moment, bientot, etc., the former 
being placed after the verb, and the latter between the auxi- 
liary and the verb. The past indefinite thus used is of 
course translated into English by the second future. 

Examples : J'ai bientot fini, I shall soon have done. Atiendez, fai fait 
dans un instant, wait, I shall have done in an instant. 

In sentences like the following, the past indefinite must of 
necessity be rendered into English by the simple form of 
the imperfect. 

Examples : Ou avez-vous achete ce cheval ? where did you purchase 
that horse ? A quelle heure le voyageur est-il parti ? at 
what o'clock dit the traveller set out ? 



THE FEENCH YEEB. 31 

In all cases not comprehended in the preceding remarks, 
the past indefinite corresponds exactly to the English per- 
fect tense. 

PLUPERFECT AND PAST ANTERIOR. 

These two tenses correspond to the English pluperfect. 

FUTURE. 

The French future corresponds to the English future in 
every case, save such as the following : croira qui voudra, 
(let who will believe,) where the sense is more strictly that 
of an imperative than of a future ; and quarid il viendra 
diies-lui de m'attendre, (when he comes tell him to wait for 
me,) in which the French future preceded by quand, when, 
is put in English in the present tense. 

PRESENT CONDITIONAL. 

This tense, which corresponds to the imperfect potential, 
is often abusively used by the French instead of the future. 

Example : Le bruit a couru que je quitterais ce pays incessamment, it 
has been reported that I would leave this county imme- 
diately. 

Although the presend conditional here stands for the fu- 
ture, it would be contrary to the genius of the English lan- 
guage to use the future in such a case. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

The French imperative is at all times equivalent to the 
same mood in English. 

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. 

The present tense of the French subjunctive rarely cor- 
responds to the present of the English subjunctive ; it is 
most commonly translated by the present or the future in- 
dicative, and sometimes by the imperfect potential. 

Examples : Quoique votre cousin soit tres-inslruit, il est tres-modesie, 
although your cousin is very learned, he is very modest. 



32 THE FBENCH VEEB. 

Je desire que vous en fassiez voire ami, I desire that you 

shall make your friend of him. 
Envoy ez-moi quelqu'un qui puisse m'etre utile, send me some 

one who shall be useful to me. 
Quoique personne ne vienne, although no body should 

come. * {_ 

Observe that this tense can never be preceded by the con- 
junction si, if,, the -English present subjunctive, when gov- 
erned by if, being translated into French by the present 

indicative. 

IMPEKFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. 

This tense is sometimes translated by the English imper- 
fect subjunctive ; but it more generally corresponds to the 
imperfect potential. 

Examples : Quoique voire cousin fid tres-modeste, il etait ires-instruit, 
although your cousin was very modest, he has very 
learned. 
Je desirais que vous enfissiez voire ami, I desired that you 
should make your friend of him. 

Observe that this tense can never be preceded by the con- 
junction si, • if, the English imperfect subjunctive, when 
governed by if, being generally traslated into French by the 
imperfect indicative. 

Both the present and the imperfect of the French sub- 
junctive very often disappear in the English translation, or 
are rendered by an infinitive. 

Examples : Ilfaut qu'ils vienneni, it is necessary for them to come. 

II fallait quHls vinssent, it was necessary for them to 
come. 

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE. 

This tense corresponds sometimes to the English perfect 
subjunctive, but more generally to the imperfect or per- 
fect, or even to the second future indicative. 

Examples : Quoique il ait ete tres-modeste en cette occasion, altough he 
has been (or may have been) very modest on this oc- 
casion. 
Nous ne cachettefons pas cCtte letire que vous ne Vayez lue, 
we shall not seal this letter until you have read it. 

Nor is it infrequently rendered by, a past infinitive or by 
a past past participle. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 33 

Examples : II semble que la nature ait employe la regie et le eompas pour 
peindre la robe du zebre, nature seems to liave used a 
rule and eompas to paint the zebra's coat. 
Aucun physicien ne doute aujourd'hui que la mer n'ait con- 
vert une grande partie de la ierre habit ee, no naturalist 
of the present day has any doubt of the sea having cov- 
ered the greater part of the habitable world. 

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. 

The French pluperfect subjunctive 3 although sometimes 
corresponding to the English pluperfect subjunctive, is 
usually translated by the pluperfect indicative or by the plu- 
perfect potential. 

Example : On avait craint que vous ne fussiez pas nomme* ministre, it 
had been feared that you would not be appointed mi- 
nister. 



THE DIFFEKENT KINDS OF VEBBS. 

There are in French five kinds of verbs : the verb active 
verb passive, verb neuter, pronominal verb, and impersonal or 
unipersonal verb. 

ACTIVE VERBS. 

The verb active expresses an action which falls directly 
upon some person or thing called the complement direct 
(page 2). 

Examples : Le tigre dechire sa proie, the tiger tears his pray. Nous 
cachetons les lettres, we seal the letters. 

Owing to the nature and construction of the English 
language, the passive form of the verb is of very frequent 
occurrence ; in French, on the contrary, the passive form is 
avoided as much as possible. The indefinite pronouns on, 
and se, one, we, people, they, favor also particularly the use 
of the active form. 

Examples : A Vceuvre on reconnatt Vartisan, the workman is known 
by his work. 
Ce mets se mange froid, this dish is eaten cold. 



34 THE FRENCH YERB. 



PASSIVE VERBS. 

Tlie passive verb is tlie very reverse of the verb active : 
the latter expresses an action performed by the subject 
(page 1) and received by a complement direct ; while the 
passive verb expresses an action that falls upon the subject 

itself. 

Examples : Tous les citoyens sont egalement proteges par la loi, all citi- 
zens are alike protected by the law. L'homme est 
place libre entre le vice et la vertu, man is placed free be- 
tween vice and virtue. 

Passive verbs are conjugated in all their moods and 
tenses with etre. 

NEUTER VERBS. 

Neuter verbs are of two sorts : 1st. those which express 
actions that fall upon a person or thing indirectly, through 
the medium of a preposition ; for which reason their com- 
plements are called complements indirect (page 2) ; 2nd. 
those whose actions are concentrated within themselves and 
which have, conseqently, no complement. 

Examples : Les enfants doivent obeir d leurs parents, children must 
obey their parents. 
On rit volontiers quand on est heureux, we laugh readily 
when we are happy. 

Some verbs nueter are conjugated exclusively with avoir ; 
such as are regner, vivre, languir, etc. ; others with etre, such 
as alter, venir, arriver, etc. ; whilst others are conjugated 
sometimes with avoir and sometimes with etre, according to 
the signification, the former being used to express action, 
the latter to express state. 

Examples : 11 a vecu trois ans dans cette rue, he has lived three years 

in that street. 
On est venu vous demander, same one came to enquire 

for you. 
II a beaucoup grandi depuis deux aus, he has grown a 

great deal the last two years. 
Le bon vieux temps est passe, the good old times are 

gone past. 

Some neuter verbs may at times occur in the form of 
active verbs ; 



THE FRENCH VERB. 35 

active verbs ; while certain verbs active may occasionally 
appear with a neuter form and signification. 

Examples : Courlr des dangers, to run into great dangers. 
Vaincre sans peril, to conquer without peril. 

PRONOMINAL VERBS. 

Pronominal verbs are so called because they are conju- 
gated with two pronouns of the same person. 

Example : Nous nous sommes parle des yeux, we spoke to each other 
with the eyes. 

Such is the definition of Pronominal verbs given by Gi- 
rault-Duvivier, Noel & Chapsal, Landais, and a few others. 
But it does not seem to us strictly correct, for many instan- 
ces might be given in which pronominal verbs appear with 
but one pronoun. 

Example : I/imagination porte souvent sur des choses qu'elle ne pent 
penetrer, the imagination often turns to things which it 
cannot penetrate. 

In this example we observe the verb se porter with only 
one pronoun, se, the subject of the verb being the substan- 
tive imagination. 

It would, therefore, be more correct to say that pronominal 
verbs may be recognized by the presence of any of the pro- 
nouns me, te, se, nous, vous, se, in the same person as the 
subject, or, which is the same thing, in the same person, as 
the verb itself. 

Examples : Cet homme sefiatte, that man natters himself. 
II se cache, he hides himself. 
Je me frappe, I strike myself. 

Here we find the verbs flatte, cache, frappe, accompanied by 
se, te, me, which pronouns being in the same persons as the 
subjects of their several verbs, homme, it, je, we perceive at 
once that the verbs are j)ronominal. There are, notwith- 
standing, two moods which never admit of two pronouns ; 
they are the infinitive and the imperative ; but, inasmuch as 
these moods can never be accompanied by a pronoun sub- 
ject, the very fact of their taking me, te, se, etc., proclaims 
them to be pronominal verbs. 



36 



THE JTiENCH VERB. 



Examples : Se flatter, to flatter one's self. 

Garde-toi de juger les gens sur la mine, take good care not 
to judge people by their looks. 

Observe that in the second person sing, of the imperative, 
the pronoun toi is substituted for te. 

Pronominal verbs are of two kinds : Accidental pronomi- 
nals, and Essential pronominals. The former are simply 
verbs active or neuter which, under some circumstances, 
may take the form of pronominal verbs ; whilst the latter 
can never be conjugated without the pronouns me, te, se, etc. 
Hence the name essential pronominals, those pronouns being 
at all times essential to their conjugation. Se flatter, se 
cacher, se laver, etc., may serve as examples of the first class; 
for we can say : je le Jlatte, it la cache, nous les lawns, just 
as well as, je me flatle, il se cache, nous nous lavons ; and 
s'abstenir, se parjurer, se prosterner, to abstain, to perjure 
one's self, to prostrate one's self, furnish examples of the 
second class, for they must of necessity be conjugated with 
the pronouns me, te, se, etc., in the same person as the sub- 
ject of the verb. 

For the convenience of the learner, we will here give a 
list of the 



essential peonominal verbs now in use 



S'absenter, 
S'accroupir, 
S'acharner, 
S'adonner, 

S'agenouiller, 
S'agriffer, 

Sarroger, 

Se blottir, 

Se cabrer, 

Se carrer, 

Se comporter, 

Se de'fier, 

Sa demener, 

Se de' sister, 

S3 de'vergonder, 

S'e'bahir, 

S'ebouler, 

S'e'crier, 

S'ecronler, 

S'enibusquer, 



S'emparer, 

S'empresser, 

S'en aller, 

S'enfuir, 

S'enque'rir, 

S'enqueter, 

S'en retourner, 

S'escrimer, 

S'estomaquer, 

S'e'vader, 

S'evanouir, 

S'e'vaporer, 

S'evertuer, 

S'extasier, 

Se formaliser, 

Ss gargariser, 

Se gendarmer, 

S'immiscer, 

S'industrier, 

S'ingenier, 



S'ingerer, 
Se me'iier, 
Se me'prendre, 
Se moquer, 
S'opiniatrer, 
Se parjurer, 
Se prosterner, 
Se racqnitter, 
Se raviser, 
Se rebeller, 
Se rebe'qner, 
Se re'crier, 
Se refrogner, 
Se refugier. 
Se remparer, 
Se rengorger, 
Se repentir, 
Se souvenir. 



THE FRENCH VERB, 



37 



All pronominal verbs are conjugated with etre instead cf 
avoir. 

Examples: Jeme suis propose, I proposed myself. 
II s'etait trahi, he had betrayed himself. 
Us se seraient retidus, they would have surrendered. 

Observation will show that the same verb may be pre- 
sented either as active, passive, neuter, or pronominal, accord- 
ing to circumstances. In order to determine which of these 
forms a given verb takes in a particular sentence, the atten- 
tion must be chiefly directed to the kind of action which 
exists in the mind of the speaker or writer ; for that intel- 
lectual guide, which never should be lost sight of, will reveal 
the nature of the verb much more surely than the dry study 
of words. 



Examples: 

active sense. 

Ilfaut aimer les gens, non pour 
soi, mais pour eux, we must love 
men, not for ourselves, but for 
themselves. 

NEUTER SENSE. 

Quand on aime aveo crainte on 
aime avec sncces, when we love fear- 
ingly we love successfully. 



PASSIVE SENSE. 

Celui qui w'aime rim n'est point 
aime lui-meme, he who loves no one 
is not beloved himself. . 

pronominal sense. 

Quand on se voit beaucoup on 
s'aime beancoup moi?is, those who 
see one another often love one an- 
other much less. 



UNIPERSONAL, OR IMPERSONAL VERES. 

Unipersonal, or, as some grammarians name them, im- 
personal, verbs are so called because they are used in one 
person only, the 3d person singular. 

The names unipersonal and impersonal, are, according to 
Napoleon Landais, equally correct; the first having been 
given to them because they have only one person ; and the 
second because the sign il, by which they are preceded, does 
not designates any person. 

Unipersonal verbs may be divided into two classes; those 
essentially unipersonal, and those accidentally so. 

To the first class belong those verbs which express natural 
phenomena, such as: il pleut, il gele, and which, correctly 
speaking, form of themselves complete propositions. They 
have no determinate subject, for the sign il, as has been said 



38 THE EBENCH VERB. 

above, represents no person; but as a personal mood ' can- 
not be expressed in French without a subject, il is placed 
before them to mark the third person. 

1/ faut, is the only essentially unipersonal verb that does 
not express a natural phenomenon. 

The verb /aire, followed by an adjective, forms some uni- 
personal phrases; such as: il fait chaud, il fait froid, il fait 
bon a marcher. (See Faire, in the Dictionary, which begins 
at page 103.) 

To the second class of unipersonal verbs belong all those 
which, like il arrive, il importe, do not express any natural 
phenomena, and which are only accidentally unipersonal. 
These, notwithstanding, are, like the essentially unipersonal 
verbs, preceded by the sign il; but that sign is always a pro- 
noun in their case, inasmuch as it stands in the place of a 
noun, which noun too is almost invariably expressed in the 
sentence, as will be seen in the following 

Examples: llconvient tfetudier, it is convenient (that is, suitable,) to 
study. 
11 importe que nous soyons religieux, it is important that we 
should be religious. 

In the foregoing examples il evidently stands in the place 
of the subjects: d'etudier, and que nous soyons religieux, res- 
pectively. And we say in place of the subjects, for the infini- 
tive ctudier is the subject of the verb convient, as we can 
prove it by changing the construction of the sentence thus: 
eludier convient, which is exactly equivalent to V etude convient. 
In the same manner we can show that que nous soyons is the 
subject of the verb importe: que nous soyons religieux (cela) 
importe, that we should be religious (that) is important ; 
which phrase is in all respects equivalent to etre religieux 
nous importe, to be religious is important for us. Here, as in 
the other sentence, (eludier convient,) the infinitive is the 
subject of the verb. 

We will observe once for all, that the preposition de which 
X^recedes infinitives that are subects of accidentally uniper- 
sonal verbs, is more a matter of euphony than of grammati- 

1 The indicative, conditional, imperative, and subjunctive are personal 
moods, been use they have, each, except the imperative, three persons in 
each tense; the infinitive is an impersonal mood. » 



THE FRENCH VEBB. 39 

cal necessity. As a proof of this, in altering the construc- 
tion so that the infinitive may come first, the de disappears: 
we do not say: D'etudier convient, but etudier convient. 

Observe that, if an essentially unipersonal verb be followed 
by one of the indefinites un, une, du, de la, des, the noun is 
the real subject, and the verb is no more unipersonal. 

Examples: Ilpleut du sang, it rains blood, or blood rains. 

II grele des pierres, it hails stones, or stones hail. 

Some essentially unipersonal verbs may, when used in a 
figurative sense, be conjugated in all the moods, tenses and 
persons. They then cease to be unipersonal. 

Examples: Les bombes pleuvaient sur les maisons, the shells rained 
down upon the houses. 
Les dons pleuvent sur elle, gifts shower upon her. 

HOW TO CONJUGATE VERBS. 

Every French verb contains two parts : root and termi- 
nation. In the verb marcher, for instance, march is the radi- 
cal, or root, so called because it is the part from which 
sprang all the other variations of the word ; and er is the 
termination, or ending. Now as there can be but one root, 
it is natural to suppose that, in order to produce that va- 
riety of form which we observe in French verbs, there must 
exist a variety of terminations. Such is precisely the case ; 
each person and tense have usually their own terminations, 
and it is the placing these terminations in due order 
after a root that constitutes what is called conjugating a verb. 

Now there are in French four conjugations or ways of 
conjugating verbs ; and they are easily distinguished from 
one another by the terminations of the present infinitive. 

The present infinitive of the 1st conjugation ends in er, 
as in marches, ; that of the 2d in ir, as in empl-m ; that of 
the 3d in evoir, as in rec-EvoiR ; and that of the 4th in re, 
as in entend-im. 

All verbs that follow through the whole of the termina- 
tions one or other of these four conjugations, are regular. 

Verbs that deviate from these four conjugations, although 
it be only in one tense, or one person, are irregular. 

Verbs that cannot be conjugated in a particular mood or 
moods, a particular person or persons, are defective. 



40 



THE FEENCH VERB. 



As it is only with the aid of the terminations that we can 
express our ideas with precision, in regard to manner, time, 
number, and person, we believe it proper to help the learner 
in his efforts to become thoroughly acquainted with these 
terminations, by laying before him the following 

TABLE OF THE TERMINATIONS OF THE SIMPLE TENSES OF THE FOUR 
REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 



INDICATIF PEESENT. 



e 

es 

e 

ons 

ez 

ent 



ais 

ais 

ait 

ions 

iez 

aient 



ai 

as 

a 

ames 

ates 

erent 



erai 

eras 

era 

erons 

erez 

eront 



is 


ois 


is 


ois 


it 


oit 


issons 


evons 


issez 


evez 


issent 


oivent 



EMPABFAIT. 


issais 


ovais 


issais 


evais 


issait 


evait 


; ssions 


evions 


ssiez 


3viez 


ssaient 


evaient 



PASSE 


DEFINI. 


is 


US 


is 


US 


it 


ut 


imes 


umes 


ites 


utes 


irent 


urent 



FUTUB. 


irai 


evrai 


iras 


evras 


ira 


evra 


irons 


evrons 


irez 


evrez 


iront 


evront 



S 

ons 

ez 

ant 



ais 

ais 

ait 

ions 

iez 

aient 



is 

is 

it 

iraes 

ites 

irent 



rai 
ras 
ra 
rons 

rez 
L*ont 





CONDITIONNEL. 


erais 


irais 


evrais 


erais 


irais 


evrais 


erait 


irait 


evrait 


erions 


irions 


avrions 


eriez 


iriez 


ivriez 


eraient 


iraient 


3vraieni 



rais 

rais 

rait 

rions 

:iez 



IMPERATIE. 



e 


is 


ois 


s 


ons 


issons 


evons 


ons 


ez 


issez 


evez 


ez 



SUBJONCTIF PEESENT. 



e 


isse 


01 ve 


e 


es 


isses 


oives 


es 


e 


isse 


oive 


e 


ions 


issions 


evions 


ions 


iez 
ent 


issiez 
; .ssent 

IMPAI 


■iv iez 
#ivent 

IF AIT. 


iez 
ent 


asse 


isse 


usse 


isse 


asses 
at 


isses 

it 


usses 
it 


isses 
ut 


assions 


issions 


ussions 


issions 


assiez 
assent 


issiez 
issent 


ussiez 
ussent 


issiez 
issent 



INFINITIF PEESENT. 

er | ir | evoir | re 

PAETICIPE PEESENT. 

ant j issant | evant [ ant 

PAETICIPE PASSE. 

e', e'e I i, ie I u, ue I u, ue 



We shall now proceed to the study of the models of the 
four regular conjugations ; but, inasmuch as the auxiliary 
verbs avoir and etre are indispensable to the formation of 
the compond tenses of all other verbs, we shall conjugate 
them first, notwithstanding they are irregular. 



a i Verbs in dre take a d here ; all others a t. 



CONJUGATIONS. 



AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE YEEB 



Avoir. 



To Have. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 

J'ai, I have, &c. 

Tuas 

II (elle or on) a 

Nous avons 

Vous avez 

Us \pr elles) ont. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
J'avais, I had, or used to have, &c. 
Tu avais 

H (elle or on) avait 
Nous avions 
Vous aviez 
Us (or elles) avaient. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
J'eus, I had, or did have, &c. 
Tu eus 

H (elle or on) eut 
Nous eumes 
Vous eutes 
Us (or elles) eurent. 

Futur. Future. 

J'aurai, I shall have, &c. 

Tu auras 

II (elle or on) aura 

Nous aurons 

Vous aurez 

lis (or elles) auront. 



INDICATIVE. 

Pass'e Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

J'ai eu, I have had, &c. 

Tu as eu 

H (elle or on) a eu- 

Nous avons eu 

Vous avez eu 

Us (or elles) ont eu. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
J'avais eu, I had had, &c. 
Tu avais eu 
II (elle or on) avait eu 
Nous avions eu 
Vous aviez eu 
lis {or elles) avaient eu. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus eu, I had had, &c. 
Tu eus eu 

II (elle or on) eut eu 
Nous eumes eu 
Vous eutes eu 
lis (or elles) eurent eu. 

Futur AnVerieur. Future Anterior. 

J'aurai eu, I shall have had, &c. 

Tu auras eu 

H (elle or on) aura eu 

Nous aurons eu 

Vous aurez eu 

Us (or elles) auront eu. 



42 



THE FKENCH VERB. 



CONDITIONNEIi. 

Present Present 
J'aurais, I should have, &c. 
Tu aurais 

II (elle or on) aurait 
Nous aurions 
Vous auriez 
lis (or elles; auraient. 



CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
J'anrais en, I should have had, &e. 
Tn aurais eu 
II (elle or on) aurait en 
Nous aurions eu 
Vous auriez eu 
Us (or elles) auraient en. 






Second Passi. Second Past 
J'eusse eu, I should have had, &c. 
Tu eusses eu 
II (elle or on) eut en 
Nous eussions en 
Yous eussiez en 
lis (or elles) enssent eu. 



IMPEEATIF. 



IMPEEATIVE. 



(No lsipers. sing.) 
Aie, have (thou) 
Qu'il ait, let him have. 



Ayons, let us have 

Ayez, have (you) 

Qu'ils aient, let them have. 



SUBJONCTIF. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present Present Passe. Past 

Que j'aie, that I have or should Que j 'aie eu, that I have had or should 
Que tu aies [have, &c. Que tu aies eu [have had, &c. 

Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) ait Qu'il (qu'elle or qn'on) ait eu 

Que nous ayons Que nous ayons eu 

Que vous ayez Que vous ayez eu 

Qu'ils (or qu'elles) aient. Qu'ils (or qu'elles) aient eu. 

Imparfait Imperfect Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

Que j'eusse, that I had or should Que j'eusse eu, that I had had or 

have, &c. should have had, &c. 

Que tu eusses Que tu eusses eu 

Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) eut Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) eut eu 

Que nous eussions Que nous eussions eu 

Que vous eussiez Que vous eussiez en 

Qu'ils (or qu'elles) eussent. Qu'ils (or qu'elles) eussent en. 



INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Avoir, to have. 

PARTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Ayant, having. 



INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir eu, to have had. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe". Past 
Eu or eue, ayant eu,had, having had. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



43 



INTEKEOGATTVE CONJUGATION OF THE VEBB 



Avoir 9 

INDIOATIP. 

Present Present 
Ai-je ? have I ? &c. 
As-tn ? 

A-t-il (a-t-elle or a-t-on) ? 
Avons-nous ? 
Avez-vous ? 
Ont-ils (or ont-elles) ? 

Imparfait Imperfect 

Avais-je? had I? &c. 
Avais-tu ? 

Avait-il (elle or on) ? 
Avions-nous ? 
Aviez-vous ? 
Avaient-ils (or elles) ? 

PassS Defini. Past Definite. 
Eus-je? had I? &c. 
Eus-tu ? 

Eut-il (elle or on) ? 
Eumes-nous ? 
Eutes-vous ? 
Eurent-iis (or elles) ? 

-Ft^ur. Future. 

Aurai-je ? shall I have? &c. 

Auras-tu ? 

Aura-t-il (elle or on) ? 

Aurons-nons ? 

Aurez-vous ? 

Auront-ils (or elles) ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 

Aurais-je? should I have? &c. 

Aurais-tu ? 

Anrait-il (elle or on?) 

Aurions-nons ? 

Auriez-vous ? 

Auraient-ils (or elles; ? 

Second Passe. 



To Have. 

INDICATIVE. 

Passi Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
Ai-je eu ? have I had ? &c. 
As-tu eu ? 

A-t-il (a-t-elle (or a-t-on) eu ? 
Avons-nous eu ? 
Avez-vous eu? 
Ont-ils (or ont-elles) eu ? 

Plus- q ue-parfait Pluperfect 
Avais-je eu ? had I had ? &c. 
Avais-tu eu ? 
Avait-il (or elle) eu ? ■ 
Avions-nous eu ? 
Aviez-vous eu ? 
Avaient-ils (or elles) eu ? 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Eus-je eu ? had I had ? &c. 
Eus-tu eu ? 

Eut-il (elle or on) eu ? 
Eumes-nous eu ? 
Eutes-vous eu ? 
Eurent-ils (or elles) eu ? 

.Fttftxr Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Aurai-je eu ? shall I have been ? &c. 

Auras-tu eu? 

Aura-t-il (elle or on) eu ? 

Aurons-nous eu ? 

Aurez-vous eu? 

Auront-ils (or elles) eu ? 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
Aurais-je eu ? should I have had ? &c. 
Aurais-tu eu ? 
Aurait-il (elle or on) eu ? 
Aurions-nous eu ? 
Auriez-vous eu ? 
Auraient-ils (or elles) eu ? 

Second Past 



Eusse-jeeu? Should I have had ? &c. 

Eusses-tu eu ? 

Eut-il (elle or on) eu ? 



u 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Eussions-nous eu ? 
Eussiez-vous eu ? 
Eussent-ils (or elles) eu ? 

N. B. — The Imperative, Subjunctive and Infinitive Moods cannot be used 
interrogatively. 

NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 



Avoir, 

INDICATIP 

Present. Present 

Je n'ai pas, I have not, &c. 

Tu n'as pas 

II (elle or on) n'a pas 

Nous n'avons pas 

Vous n'avez pas 

Hs (or elles) n'ont pas. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Je n'avais pas, I had not, &c. 
T n'avais pas 
H (elle or on) n'avait pas 
Nous n'avions pas 
Vous n'aviez pas 
Us (or elles) n'avaient pas. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 

Je n'eus pas, I had not, &c. 

Tu n'eus pas 

II (elle or on) n'eut pas 

Nous n'eumes pas 

Vous n'eutes pas 

lis (or elles) n'eurent pas. 

Fatur. Future. 
Je n'aurai pas, I shall not have, &c. 
Tu n'auras pas 
II (elle or on) n'aura pas 
Nous n'aurons pas 
Vous n'aurez pas 
Hs (or elles) n'auront pas. 



To Have. 

INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

Je n'ai pas eu, I have not had, &c. 

Tu n'as pas eu 

H (elle or on) n'a pas eu 

Nous n'avons pas eu 

Vous n'avez pas eu 

Hs (or elles) n'ont pas eu. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Je n'avais pas eu, I have not had, &c. 
Tu n'avais pas eu 
H (elles or on) n'avait pas eu 
Nous n'avions pas eu 
Vous n'aviez pas eu 
Hs (or elles) n'avaient pas eu. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Je n'eus pas eu, I had not had, &c. 
Tu n'eus pas eu 
II (elle or on) n'eut pas eu 
Nous n'eumes pas eu 
Vous n'eutes pas eu 
H (or elles) n'eurent pas eu. 

Fatur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Je n'aurai pas eu, I shall not have 

Tu n'auras pas eu [had, &c. 

H (elle or on) n'aura pas eu 

Nous n'aurons pas eu 

Vous n'aurez pas eu 

Hs (or elles) n'auront pas eu. 



CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present Passe Past. 
Je n'aurais pas, I should not have, Je n'aurais pas eu, I should not have 

Tu n'aurais pas [&c. Tu n'aurais pas eu [had, &c. 

II (elle or on) n'aurais pas H (elle or on) n'aurait pas eu 

Nous n'aurions pas Nous n'aurions pas eu 

Vous auriez pas Vous n'auriez pas eu 

lis (or elles) n'auraient pas. Hs (or elles) n'auraient pas eu. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



45 



Second Passe. Second Past 

Je n'eusse pas eu, I should not have had, &c. 

Tu n'eusses pas eu 

II (elle or on) n'eut pas eu 

Nous n'eussions pas eu 

Vous n'eussiez pas eu 

lis (or elles) n'eussent pas eu. 



IMPERATIF. 



(No 1st pers. sing.) 

N'aie pas, do not (thou) have 

Qu'il (elle or on) n'ait pas. 



IMPERATIVE. 



N'ayons pas, let us not have. 
N'ayez pas, do not have 
Qu'ils (or elles) n'aient pas. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present 

Que je n'aie pas, that I have not or 

should not have, &c. 
Que tu n'aies pas 
Qu'il (elle or on) n'ait pas 
Que nous n'ayons pas 
Que vous n'ayez pas 
Qu'ils (or elles) n'aient pas. 

Imparfait Imperfect 

Que je n'eusse pas, that I had not or 

should not have, &c. 
Que tu n'eusses* pas 
Qu'il (elle or on) n'eut pas 
Que nous n'eussions pas 
Que vous n'eussiez pas 
Qu'ils (or elles) n'eussent pas. 

IN FIN I TIF. . 

Present Present 
Ne pas avoir, not to have. 

PARTICIPE. 

Present. Present 
N'ayant pas, not having. 

NEGATIVE-INTEBKOGATIVE 
Avoir, 

INDIC ATIF. 

Present Present 

N'ai-je pas ? have I not ? &c. 
N'as-tu pas ? 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past 

Que je n'aie pas eu, that I have not 

had or should not have, &c. 
Que tu n'aies pas eu 
Qu'il (elle or on) n'ait pas eu 
Que nous n'ayons pas eu 
Que vous n'ayez pas eu 
Qu'ils (or elles) n'aient pas eu. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

Que je n'eusse pas eu, that I had not 
had or should not have had, &c. 
Que tu n'eusses pas eu 
Qu'il (elle or on) n'eut pas eu 
Que nous n'eussions pas eu 
Que vous n'eussiez pas eu 
Qu'ils (or elles) n'eussent pas eu. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past. 
Ne pas avoir eu, not to have had. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 
N'ayant pas eu, not having. 

CONJUGATION OF THE YEBB 
To Have. 

IND IC ATIVE. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
N'ai-je pas eu? have I not had? &c. 
N'as-tu pas eu ? 



46 



THE FBENCH VEEB. 



N'a-t-il (elle or on) pas ? 
N'avons-nous pas ? 
N'avez-vous pas ? 
N'ont-ils (or elles) pas ? 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

N'avais-je pas ? had I not ? &c. 
N'avais-tu pas ? 
N'avait-il (elle or on) pas ? 
N'avions-nous pas ? 
N'aviez-vous pas ? 
N'avaient-ils (or elles) pas ? 

Passe Deftni. Past Definite. 

N'eus-je pas ? had I not? &c. 
N'eus-tu pas ? 
N'eut-il (elle or on) pas ? 
N'eumes-nous pas ? 
N'eutes-vous pas ? 
N'eurent-ils (or elles) pas ? 



Futur. 



Future. 
I 



N'a-t-il (elle or on) pas eu ? 
N'avons-nous pas eu ? 
N'avez-vons pas eu ? 
N'ont-ils (or elles) pas eu ? 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 

N'avais-je pas eu ? had I not had ? 
N'avais-tu pas eu ? [&c. 

N'avait-il (elle or on) pas eu ? 
N'aviez-vous pas eu ? 
N'avions-nous pas eu ? 
N'avaient-ils (or elles) pas eu ? 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior, 

N'eus-je pas eu ? had I not had? &c. 
N'eus-tu pas eu ? 
N'eut-il (elle r on) pas eu ? 
N'eumes-nous pas eu ? 
N'eutes-vous pas eu ? 
N'eurent-ils (or elles) pas eu ? 

Jaiur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 



N'aurai-je pas? shall 
N'auras-tu pas ? 
N'aura-t-il (elle or on) pas ? 
N'aurons-nous pas ? 
N'aurez-vous pas ? 
N'auront-ils (or elles) pas ? 



not have? N'aurai-je pas eu? shall I not have 
[&c. N'auras-tu pas eu ? £had ? &c. 

N'aura-t-il (elle or on) pas eu ? 
N'aurons-nous pas eu ? 
N'avez-vous pas eu ? . 
N'auront-ils (or elles) pas eu ? 



CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present. 



CONDITIONAL. 



Passi. Past 



N'aurais-je pas ? should I not have N'aurai-je pas eu ? should I not have 



N'aurais-tu pas ? [had ? &c. N'aurais-tu pas eu ? |"had ? &c. 

N'aurait-il (elle or on) pas ? 
N'aurions-nous pas ? 
N'auriez-vous pas ? 
N'auraient-ils (or elles) pas ? 

Second Pre* sent. 

N'eusse-je pas ? should I not have ? N'eusse-je pas eu ? should I not have 
N'eusses-tu pas ? [&c. N'eusses-tu pas eu ? [had ? &c. 

N'eut-il (elle or on) pas ? N'eut-il (elle or on) pas eu ? 

N'eussions-nous pas ? N'eussions-nous pas eu ? 

N'eussiez-vous pas ? N'eussiez-vous pas eu ? 

N'eussent-ils (or elles) pas ? N'eussent-ils (or elles) pas eu ? 



N'aurais-tu pas eu ? [had ? 

N'aurait-il (elle or on) pas eu ? 
N'aurions-nous pas eu ? 
N'auriez-vous pas eu ? 
N'auraient-ils (or elles) pas eu ? 

Second Passi. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 47 

EEMARKS ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION OF 
SOME TENSES OF THE VERB 

Avoir. 

The letter y, in the present participle, ayant, as in all other words 
where it is placed between two vowels, is equivalent to and pronounced 
like ii : ai-iant. 

The combination eu, wherever it occurs in the verb avoir, is pro- 
nounced like simple u. 

The present mode of spelling the imperfect tense indicative and pre- 
sent conditional of avoir is called the Voltairian orthography, it having 
been first introduced by Voltaire ; it has been adopted by the French 
Academy and by all grammarians. Avais, avait, &c, were formerly 
written avois, avoit, &c, though pronounced just as at the present time. 

The singular of the imperative, and the singular and the third per- 
son plural of the subjunctive, used to be written with y instead of i : 
aye, for aie, &c. The latter is now exclusively used, notwithstanding 
the Academy leaves the choice open to follow either style. 

The circumflex accent marks no change of sound in eumes and eutes. 
It is written over eut, third person singular of the imperfect subjunc- 
tive, merely to distinguish it from eut, third person singular of the past 
definite indicative. 

The first person singular of the present indicative, although written 
fai, is pronounced fi; that is, like 6 close, and not like e open. 

We have given the preference to the name future anterior, for the com- 
pound form of the future indicative. Some grammarians retain the 
old and contradictory denomination of past future, which the Academy 
also recognizes, while it always uses the former one. 

It will be observed hereafter that verbs whose present participle is -in 
yard, take an i after the y in the 1st and 2nd persons plural of the im- 
perfect indicative and present subjunctive. The verb avoir is an excep- 
tion to that rule, ayons and ayez, and not ayions and ayiez, being the 
correct orthography. The insertion of the i is unnecessary, the plural 
of the present indicative having no y. 

The denomination Second past has here been given to eusse, eusses, 
eut, &c, of the Conditional, that form being in reality nothing more 
nor less than a Second form of the past Conditional. 

AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 
litre, To Be. 

INDICATIF. INDICATIVE. 

Present. Present PassS Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

Je suis, I am, &c. J'ai ete, I have been, &c 

Tu es Tu as e'te 

II (elle or on) est H (elle or on) a ete 

Nous sommes Nous avons ete 

Vous etes Vous avez ete 

Us (or elles) sont. Us (or elles) ont ete. 



48 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Imparfalt Imperfect 
J'etais, I was, or used to be, &e. 
Tu etais 

II (elle or on) etait 
Nous e'tions 
Yous etiez 
Hs (or elles) e'taient. 

Passe Befini. Past Definite, 
Je fus, I was, &c. 
Tufus 

II (elle or on) fut 
Nous fumes 
Yous futes 
lis (or elles furent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je serai, I shall be, &c. 
Tu seras 

II (elle or on) sera 
Nous serons 
Yous serez 
lis (or elles) seront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 
Je serais, I should have been, &c. 
Tu serais 

II (elle or on) serait 
Nous serions 
Yous seriez 
lis (or elles) seraient. 



Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
J'avais ete, I had been, &c. 
Tu avais ete 
II (elle or on) avait e'te 
Nous avions e'te 
Yous aviez ete 
Us (or elles) avaient e'te'. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus e'te', I had been, &c. 
Tu eus ete 
II (elle or on) eut e'te* 
Nous eumes ete 
Yous eutes ete 
lis (or elles) eurent ete. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai ete', I shall have been, &c. 
Tu auras ete 
H (elle or on) aura e'te 
Nous aurons e'te 
Yous aurez ete 
lis (or elles) auront ete. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 

J'aurais ete, I should have been, &c. 

Tu aurais e'te 

II (elle or on) aurait e'te* 

Nous aurions ete 

Yous auriez ete 

Us (or elles) auraient ete. 



Second Passe. Second Past 
J'eusse ete, I should have been, &c. 
Tu eusses e'te 
II (elle or on) eut ete 
Nous eussions ete 
Yous eussiez e'te 
lis (or elles) eussent e'te. 



IHPEBATIF. 

(JSfo 1st person sing.) 
Sois, be (thou) 
Qu'il soit, let him be, 

SUBJONCTIF. 

Present Present 



IMPERATIVE. 

Soyons, let us be. 

Soyez, be (you) 

Qu'ils soient, let them be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past 



Que je sois, that I may or should be, Que j'aie ete, that I may or should 
Que tu sois [&c. Que tu aies ete [have been, &c. 



THE EEENCH YEEB. 



49 



Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) soit 

Que nous soyons 

Que vous soyez 

Qu'ils (or qu'elles) soient. 



Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) ait e'te 

Que nous ayons ete 

Que vous ayez ete 

Qu'ils (or qu'elles) aient ete'. 



Imparfait. Imperfect Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 

Quejefusse, that I might or should Que j'eusse e'te, that I might, or 



Que tu fusses 

Qu'il (qu'elle or on) fat 

Que nous fussions 

Que vous fussiez 

Qu'ils (or qu'elles) fussent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Etre, to be. 



[be, &c. Que tu eusses e'te [should have been 
Qu'il (qu'elle or quo'n) eiit e'te [&c. 
Que nous eussions e'te 
Que vous eussiez e'te 
Qu'ils (or qu'elles) eussent e'te*. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir e'te', to have been. 



PARTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Etant, being. 



PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 
Ete, ayant e'te', been, having been. 



INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 
Etre, To be. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
Suis-je? am I? &c. 
Es-tu? 

Est-il (elle or on) ? 
Sommes-nous ? 
Etes-vous ? 
Sont-ils (or elles) ? 

Imparfait Imperfect 
£tais-je ? was I, or used I to be, &c. 
Etais-tu ? 

£tait-il (elle or on) ? 
Etions-nous ? 
Etiez-vous? 
£taient-ils (or elles) ? 

Passe Befini. Past Definite, 

Fus-je? was I? &c. 

Fus-tu? 

Fut-il (elle or on) ? 

Fumes-nous ? 

Futes-vous ? 

Furent-ils (or elles) ? 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe IndefinL Past Indefinite. 
Ai-je e'te' ? have I been, &c. 
As-tu e'te? 

At-il (elle or on) e'te ? 
Avons-nous e'te? 
Avez-vous e'te? 
Ont-ils (or elles) e'te' ? 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

Avais-je e'td? had I been? &c. 
Avais-tu e'te'? 
Avait-il (elle or on) e'te ? 
Avions-nous e'te' ? 
Aviez-vous e'te? 
Avaient-ils (or elles) e'te'? 

Passi Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Eus-je <*td? had I been? &c. 

Eus-tu e'te? 

Eut-il (elle or on) e'te ? 

Eumes-nous ete? 

Eutes-vous e'td? 

Eurent-ils (or elles) e'te' ? 



50 



THE TRENCH VERB. 



Futur. Future* 

Serai-je? Shall I be, &c. 
Seras-tu ? 

Sera-t-il (ella or on) ? 
Serons-nous ? 
Serez-vous ? 
Seront-ils (or elles) ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present. 

Serais-je ? should I be? &c. 

Serais-tu ? 

Serait-il (elle or on) ? 

Serions-nous? 

Seriez-vous ? 

Seraient-ils (or elles) ? 



Futur AntSrieuf. Future Anterior. 
Aurai-je ete ? shall I have been ? &c. 
Auras-tu ete ? 
Anrar-t-il (elle or on) ete ? 
Aurons-nous e'te? 
Aurez-vous ete ? 
Auront-ils (or elles) ete' ? 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 

Aurais-je ete' ? should I have been ? 
Aurais-tu ete? [&c. 

Aurait-il (elle or on) e'te' ? 
AuriOns-nous e'te? 
Auriez-vous ete ? 
Auraient-ils (or elles) e'te* ? 



Second Passe*. Second Past 
Eusse-je e'te? should I have been? &c. 
Eusses-tu ete'? 
Eut-il (elle or on) ete ? 
Eussions-nous ete? 
Eussiez-vous ete' ? 
Eussent-ils (or elles) etd ? 

NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VEKB 



Etre. 



INDICATIF. 



To fce, 



INDICATIVE. 



Pr'esent Present 
Je ne suis pas, I am not, &c. 
Tu n'es pas 
II (elle or on) n'est pas 
Nous ne sommes pas 
Vous n'etes pas 
lis (or elles) ne sont pas. 

Lnparfait. Imperfect 

Je n'e'tais pas, I was not, or used 

Ta n'e'tais pas [not to be, &c. 

II (elle or on) n'e'tait pas 

Nous n'etions pas 

Vous n'etiez pas 

lis (or elles) n'e'taient pas. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite* 
Je ne fus pas, I was not, &c. 
Tu ne fus pas 
H (elle or on) ne fut pas 



Passi Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
Je n'ai pas e'te', I have not been, &c. 
Tu n'as pas e'te' 
II (elle or on) n'a pas e'te* 
Nous n'avons pas e'te 
Vous n'avez pas e'te 
Ds (or elles) n'ont pas e'te\ 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Je n'avais pas e'te, I had not been, 
Tu n'avais pas e'te [&c. 

II (elle or on) n'avait pas e'te 
Nous n'avions pas e'te 
Vous n'aviez pas ete 
lis (or elles) n'avaient pas ete. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Je n'eus pas e'te', I had not been, &c. 
Tu n'eus pas ete' 
II (elle or on) n'eut pas e'te* 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



51 



Nous ne fumes pas 

Vous ne futes pas 

lis (or elles) ne furent pas. 

Futur. Future. 
Je ne serai pas, I shall not be, &c. 
Tu ne seras pas 
II (elle or on) ne sera pas 
Nous ne serous pas 
Vous ne serez pas 
Us (or elles) ne seront pas. 



CONDITIONNEE. 

Present Present. 

Je ne serais pas, I should not be, &c. 

Tu ne serais pas 

11 (eile or on) ne serait pas 

Nous ne serions pas 

Yous ne seriez pas 

lis (or elles) ne seraient pas 

IMPEEATIF. 

(No lstpers. sing.) 

Ne sois pas, do not (thou) be. 

Qu'il ne soit pas, let him not be. 



Nous n'eumes pas e'te' 

Vous n'eiites pas ete 

lis (or elles) n'eurent pas e*te\ 

Fatur AnUrieur. Future Anterior. 



Je n'aurais pas e'te, I shall not have 

Tu n'auras pas ete [been, &c. 

II (elle or on) n'aura pas ete* 

Nous n'aurons pas e'te 

Vous n'aurez pas ete 

lis (or elles) n'auront pas e'te'. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 

Je n'aurais pas ete, I should not 

Tu n'aurais pas e'te' [have been, &c. 

II (elle or on ) n'aurait pas ete 

Nous n'aurions pas e'te 

Vous n'auriez pas ete 

Us (or elles) n'auraient pas e'te'. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Ne soyons pas, let us not be. 
Ne soyez pas, do not (you) be. 
Qu'ils ne soient pas, let them not be. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present 
Que je ne sois pas, that I am not, or 

should not be, &c. 
Que tu ne sois pas 
Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) ne soit pas 
Que nous ne soyons pas 
Que vous ne soyez pas 
Qu'ils (or qu' elles) ne soient pas. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Que je ne fusse pas, that I was not, 

or should not be, &c. 
Que tu ne fusses pas 
Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) ne fut pas 
Que nous ne fussions pas 
Que vous ne fussiez pas 
Qu'ils (or qu'elles) ne fussent pas. 

INFINITIF. 

Present. Present 
Ne pas etre, not to be. 



subjunctive. 
Passe. Past 

Que je n'aie pas ete, that I have not, 

or should not, have been, &c. 
Que tu n'aies pas e'te 
Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) n'ait pas e'td 
Que nous n'ayons pas e'te 
Que vous n'ayez pas ete 
Qu'ils (or qu'elles) n'aient pas e'td. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

Que je n'eusse pas ete', that I had not 
been, or should not have been, 
Que tu n'eusses pas e'te' [&c. 

Qu'il (qu'elle or qu'on) n'eut pas ete 
Que nous n'eussions pas ete 
Que vous n'eussiez pas e'te 
Qu'ils (or qu'elles) n'eussentpas e'te\ 

infinitive. 

Present. Present 
Ne pas avoir e'te', not to have beeru 



52 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



PAETICIFE. 

Present Present 
N'e'tant pas, not being. 



PABTICIPLE. 

Passi. Past 
N'ayant pas ete', not having been* 



NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 



Etre, 



To fee. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
Ne suis-je pas? am I not? &c. 
N'es-tu pas ? 
N'est-il (elle or on) pas? 
Ne sommes-nous pas ? 
N'etes-vous pas ? 
Ne sont-ils (or elles) pas ? 

Imparfait Imperfect 
N'e'tais-je pas ? was I not, cr used 
N'e'tais tu pas ? [not I to be ? &c. 
N'e'tait-il (elle or on; pas ? 
N'e'tions-nous pas ? 
N'e'tiez-vous pas ? 
N'e'taient-ils (or elles) pas ? 

Passe Defini. Past Defnite. 
Ne fus-je pas ? as I not? &c. 
Ne fus-tu pas ? 
Ne fut-il (elle or on) pas ? 
Ne fumes-nous pas ? 
Ne futes-vous pas ? 
Ne furent-ils (or elles) pas ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe* Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
N'ai-je pas e'te' ? have I not been ? &c. 
N'as-tu pas e'te ? 
N'a-t-il (elle or oii) pas e'te' ? 
N'avons-nous pas ete? 
N'avez-vous pas e'te' ? 
N'ont-ils {or elles) pas etd ? 

Plus -que-parf ait Pluperfect 
N'avais-je pas e'te' ? had I not been ? 
N'avais-tu pas e'te' ? [&c. 

N'avait-il (elle or on) pas e'te ? 
N'avions-nous pas ete ? 
N'aviez-vous pas ete ? 
N'avaient-ils (or elles) pas e'te ? 

Passe AntSrieur. Past Anterior. 
N'eus-je pas e'te' ? should I not been ? 
N'eus-tu pas ete ? [&e. 

N'eut-il (elle or on) pas e'te' ? 
N'eumes-nous pas e'te' ? 
N'eutes-vous pas e'te' ? 
N'eurent-ils (or elles) pas e'te' ? 

CONDITIONAL. 



Present Present Passe. Past. 

Ne serais-je pas ? should I not be? N'aurais-je pas e'te'? should I not 



Ne serais-tu pas ? [&c. 

Ne serait-il (elle or on) pas ? 

Ne serions-nous pas ? 

Ne seriez-vous pas ? 

Ne seraient-ils (or elles) pas ? 

Second Passd. 



N'aurais-tu pas ete ? [have been ? &c. 
N'aurait-il (elle or on) pas e'te ? 
N'aurions-nous pas e'te ? 
N'auriez-vous pas e'te ? 
N'auraient-ils (or elles) pas dte' ? 

Second Past 



• N'eusse- pas e'te ? should I not have been ? &c. 
N'eusses-tu pas e'te' ? 
N'eut-il (elle or on) pas e'te' ? 
N'eussions-nous pas e'te" ? 
N'eussiez-vous pas e'te' ? 
N'eussent-ils (or elles) i as ete' ? 



THE FRENCH VERB. 53 

EEMAEKS ON THE CONJUGATION OF 
Etre. 

The imperfect and conditional present of this verb, like those of the 
verb Avoir, and in general all French verbs, used to be written with an o 
instead of the a in the terminations of the three persons singular and 
the second and third persons plural, thus : fetois, tu etois, etc. ; and je 
serois, tu serois, etc. The pronunciation was, nevertheless the same as 
at present. 

This verb and Avoir are the only two verbs whose third person sin- 
gular subjunctive present does not end in e mute. 

(GlRAULT-DuvrVXEB. ) 

The past participle ete never changes its termination. 



♦ ♦ » 

MODEL OF THE 

FIRST REGULAR CONJUGATION. 

Marcher, To Walk. 

AFFIRMATIVELY. NEGATIVELY. 

INDICATIF. INDICATIVE. 

Present Present. Prisent. Present. 

Je marche, I walk, or am walking, Je ne marche pas, I do not walk, or 

&c. am not walking, &c. 

Tu marches Tu ne marches pas 

II marche II ne marche pas 

Nous marchons Nous ne marchons pas 

Vous marchez Vous ne marchez pas 

lis marchent. lis ne marchent pas. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Je marchais, I was walking, or I Je ne marchais pas, I was not walk- 
used to walk, &c. ing, or I used not to walk, &c. 

Tu marchais Tu ne marchais pas 

II marchait H ne marchait pas 

Nous marchions Nous ne marchions pas 

Vous marchiez Vous ne marchiez pas 

Us marchaient. Us ne marchaient pas. 

Passi Defini. Past Definite. Passe Defini. Past Definite. 

Je marchai, I walked, &c. Je ne marchai pas, I did not walk, 

Tu marchas Tu ne marchas pas [&c. 

II marcha II ne marcha pas 

Nous marchames Nous ne marehames pas 



54 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Vous marchates 
Hs marcherent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je marcherai, I shall walk, &c. 
Tu niarcheras 
II marchera 
Nous marcherons 
Vous marcherez 
lis niarcheront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present. 
Je marcherais, I should walk, &c. 
Tu marcherais 
II marcherait 
Nous marcherions 
Vous marcheriez 
Hs marcheraient . 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
J'ai marche', I have walked, &c. 

Plus- qup-parf alt. Pluperfect. 
J'avais marche', I had walked, &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus marche', I had walked, &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

J'aurai marche', I shall have walked, 
&c. 



Vous ne marchates pas 
lis ne marcherent pas. 

Futur. Future. 
Je ne marcherai pas, I shall not 
Tu ne marcheras pas [walk, &c. 
II ne marchera pas 
Nous ne marcherons pas 
Vous ne marcherez pas 
Hs ne marcheront pas. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Present. Present. 

Je ne marcherais pas, I should not 
Tu ne marcherais pas [walk, &c. 
II ne marcherait pas 
Nous ne marcherions pas 
Vous ne marcheriez pas 
lis ne marcheraient pas. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

Je n'ai pas marche', I have not walk- 
ed, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 

Je n'avais pas marche', I had not 
walked, &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Je n'eus pas marche, I had not walk- 
ed, &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Je n'aurai pas marche', I shall not 
have walked, &c. 



CONDITIONNEL. 

Passe. Past. 



CONDITIONAL. 



Passe. Past. 

J'aurais marche', I should have walk- Je n'aurais pas marche', I should not 
ed, &c have walked. &c. 



IMPEEATIF. 

(No 1st person sing.) 

Marche, walk (thou) 

Qu'il marche, let him walk 

Marchons, let us walk 

Marchez, walk (you) 

Qu'ils marchent, let them walk 



IMPEEATIVE. 

(No 1st person sing. ) 
Ne marche pas, do not (thou) walk 
Qu'il ne marche pas, let him not walk 
Ne marchons pas, let us not walk 
Ne marchez pas, do not (you) walk 
Qu'ils ne marchent pas, let them 
not walk. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 55 

SUBJCNCTIF. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present Present Present Present 

Que je marche, that I walk or should Que je ne marche pas, that I do not 

walk, &c. or should not walk, &c. 

Que tu marches Que tu ne marche pas 

Qu'il marche Qu'il ne marches pas 

Que nous marchions Que nous ne marchions pas 

Que yous marchiez Que vous ne marchiez pas 

Qu'ils marchent. Qu'ils ne marchent pas. 

Imparfait. Imperfect Imparfait Imperfect. 

Que je marchasse, that I walked, or Que je ne marchasse pas, that I did 

should walk, &c. not, or should not walk, &c. 

Que tu marchasses Que tu ne marchasses pas 

Qu'il marchat Qu'il ne marchat pas 

Que nous marchassions Que nous ne marchassions pas 

Que vous marchassiez Que vous ne marchassiez pas 

Qu'ils marchassent. Qu'ils ne marchassent pas. 

Passe. Past Passk. Past 

Que j'aie marche', that I have, or Que je n'aie pas marche', that I have 
may have, walked, &c. not, or may not have, walked, &c. 

INFINITIF. INFINITIVE. 

Present Present Present Present 

Marcher, to walk. Ne pas marcher, not to walk. 

Passe. Past Passe. Past 

Avoir marche', to have walked. Ne pas avoir marche', not to have 

walked. 

PAETICIPE. PABTICIPLE. 

Present Present Present Present 

Marchant, walking. Ne marchant pas, not walking. 

Passe. Past Passe. Past 

Marche', ayant marche', walking N'ayant pas marche', not having 
or having walked. walked. 



56 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



MODEL OF THE 

FIRST REGULAR CONJUGATION. 

( Continuation. ) 



Marcher^ 


To Wall*, 


INTERRO G ATI VELY. 


NEGATIVELY AND INTERROGATIVELY. 


INDICATIF. 


INDICATIVE. 


Present. 

March e'-je ? do I 

walking ? 
Marches-tu ? 
Marche-t-il ? 
Marchons-nous ? 
Marchez-vous ? 
Marchent-ils ? 


Present 
walk, or 


Present Present 
am I Ne marche-je pas? do I not walk, 
or am I not walking ? 
Ne marches-tu pas ? 
Ne marche-t-il pas ? 
Ne marchons-nous pas ? 
Ne marchez-vous pas ? 
Ne marchent-ils pas ? 



Imparfait Imperfect. 

Marchais-je ? did I walk, or used 

to walk ? 
Marchais-tu ? 
Marchait-il? 
Marchions-nous ? 
Marchiez-vous ? 
Marchaient-ils ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Marchai-je? did I walk, &c. 
Marchas-tu ? 
Marcha-t-il? 
Marchames-nous ? 
Marchates-vous ? 
Marcherent-ils ? 

Futur. Future. 

Marcherai-je? shall I walk, &c. 
Marcheras-tu ? 
Marchera-t-il ? 
Marcherons-nous ? 
Marcherez-vous ? 
Marcheront-ils ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Prisent Present. 

Marcherais-je? should I walk, &c. 
Marcherais-tu ? 
Marcherait-il ? 



Imparfait. Imperfect 
Ne marchais-je pas ? did I not walk, 

or was I not walking ? 
Ne marchais-tu pas ? 
Ne marchait-il pas ? 
Ne marchions-nous pas ? 
Ne marchiez-vous pas ? 
Ne marchaient-ils pas ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Ne marchas-je pas ? did I not walk ? 
Ne marchas-tu pas ? [&c. 

Ne marcha-t-il pas ? 
Ne marchames-nous pas ? 
Ne marchates-vous pas ? 
Ne marcherent-ils pas ? 

Futur. Future. 
Ne marcherai-je pas? shall I not 
Ne marcheras-tu pas ? [walk, &c. 
Ne marchera-t-il pas ? 
Ne marcherons-nous pas ? 
Ne marcherez-vous pas ? 
Ne marcheront-il pas ? 

CONDITIONAL. 

Present. Present 
Ne marcherais-je pas? should I not 
Ne marcherais-tu pas ? [walk, &c. 
Ne marcherait-il pas? 



THE FRENCH VERB. 57 

Marcherions-nous ? Ne marcherions-nous pas ? 

Marcheriez-vous ? Ne marcheriez-vous pas ? 

Marcheraient-ils ? Ne marcheraient-ils pas ? 

Passe Indefinh Past Indefinite. Passe Defini. Past Definite. 

Ai-je marche'? have I walked, &c. N'ai-je pas marche' ? have I not 

walked, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 

Avais-je marche? had I walked? N'avais-je pas marche? had I not 
&c. walked? &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Eus-je marche ? had I walked? &c. N'eus-je pas marche? had I not 

walked? &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Anrai-je marche'? shall I have walk- N'aurai-je pas marche'? shall I not 
ed? &c. have walked? &c. 

CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. Passe. Past. 

Aurais-je marche? should I have N'aurais-je pas marche'? should I 
walked ? &c. not have walked ? &c. 



Bemaek. — It has not been judged necessary to include in the conju- 
gation of this verb, nor in those of the other model verbs given hereafter, 
the double-compound past anterior tense mentioned under Tenses. As 
has been there observed, it is very rarely used ; for the verb marcher, it 
would be : J'ai eu marche, &c. 



MODEL OF THE 

SECOND EEGULAR CONJUGATION 

Emplir. To Fill. 

AFFIRMATIVELY. NEGATIVELY. 

INDICATIF. INDICATIVE. 

Present. Present. Present. Present 
J'emplis, I fill, or am filling, &c. Je n'emplis pas, I do not fill, or am 

Tu emphs Tu n'emplis pas [not filling, &c. 

II einplit II n'emplit pas 

Nous emplissons Nous n'emplissons pas 

Vous emplissez Yous n'emplissez pas 

Us emplissent. Us n'emplissent pas. 



58 



THE FBENCH VERB. 



Imparfait. Imperfect 
J'emplissais, I was filling, or 

to fill, &c. 
Tu emplissais 
II emplissait. 
Nous emplissions 
Vous emplissiez 
Us emplissaient. 

Passe Befini. Past Befinite. 
J'emplis, I filled, &c. 
Tu emplis 
II emplit 
Nous emplimes 
Vous emplites 
lis emplirent. 

Futur. Future. 

J'emplirai, I shall fill, etc. 

Tu empliras 

II emplira 

Nous emplirons 

Vous emplirez 

lis empliront, 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 
J'emplirais, I should fill, &c. 
Tu emplirais 
II emplirait 
Nous emplirions 
Vous empliriez 
lis empliraient. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
J'ai empli, I have filled, &c. 



Imparfait- Imperfect 

used Je n'emplissais pas, I was not fill- 
ing, or used not to fill, &c. 
Tu n'emplissais pas 
II n'emplissait pas 
Nous n'emplissions pas 
Vous n'emplissiez pas 
lis n'emplissaient pas. 

Passe Befini. Past Befinite. 

Je n'emplis pas, I did not fill, &c, 

Tu n'emplis pas 

II n'emplit pas 

Nous n'emplimes pas 

Vous n'emplites pas 

lis n'emplirent pas. 

Futur. Future. 
Je n'emplirai pas, I shall not fill, 
Tu n'empliras pas [&c. 

II n'emplira pas 
Nous n'emplirons pas 
Vous n'emplirez pas 
Us n'empliront pas. 



CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
Je n'emplirais pas, I should not fill, 
Tu n'emplirais pas [&c. 

II n'emphrait pas 
Nous n'emplirions pas 
Vous n'empliriez pas 
lis n'empliraient pas. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
Je n'ai pas empli, I have not filled, 



Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

J'ayais empli, I had filled, &c. Je n'avais pas empli, I had not fill- 

ed, &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

J'eus erapli, I had filled, &c. Je n'eus pas empli, I had not filled, 

&c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai empli, I shall have filled, Je n'aurai pas empli, I shall not 
&c. have filled, &c. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



59 



CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. Passe. Past. 

J'aurais empli, I should have filled, Je n'aurais pas erapli, I should not 
&e. have filled, &c. 



IMPEBATIVE. 

(No 1st person sing. ) 
N'emplis pas, do not (thon) fill 
Qu'il n'emphsse pas, let him not fill 
N'emplissons pas, let us not fill 
N'eniplissez pas, do not (you) fill 
Qu'ils n'emplissent pas, let thus not 
fill. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Present. 
Que j'empiisse, that I fill, or shouldQue je n'emplisse pas, that I do not, 



I3IPERATIF. 

(No 1st person sing. ) 

Einplis, fill (thou) 

Qu'il eniphsse, let him fill 

Emplissons, let us fill 

Emplissez, fill (you) 

Qu'ils emplissent, let thus fill. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present. 



fill, &c 
Que tu emplisses 
Qu'il emphsse 
Que nous emphssions 
Que vous emplissiez 
Qu'ils emplissent. 

Imparfait. 
Que j'empiisse, 

should fill 
Que tu emplisses 
Qu'il emplit 
Que nous emplissions 
Que vous emplissiez 
Qu'ils emplissent. 

Passe. Past 



or should not, fill, &c. 
Que tu n'emplisses pas 
Qu'il n'emphsse pas 
Que nous n'emphssions pas 
Que vous n'emplissiez pas 
Qu'ils n'emplissent pas. 

Imperfect. Imparfait. Imperfect. 

that I filled, or Que je n'emplisse pas, that I 
not, or should not, fill, &c. 
Que tu n'emplisses pas 
Qu'il n'emplit pas 
Que nous n'emphssions pas 
Que vous n'emplissiez pas 
Qu'ils n'emplissent pas. 

Passe. Past. 



did 



Que j'ai empli, that I have, or should Que je n'aie pas empli, that I have 
have, filled, &c. not, or should not have, filled, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. Plus- que-parf ait. Pluperfect. 

Que j'eusse empli, that I had, or Que jen'eusse pas empli, that I had 
should have, filled, &c. not, or should not have, filled, &c. 



INFINITIF. 

Present Present. 
Emplir, to fill. 

PABTICIPE. 

Present. Present. 
Emplissant, filling. 



INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past.- 
Avoir empli, to have filled. 

PAETICIPLE. 

Passe. Past. 
Empli, ayant erapli, filled, having 
filled. 



60 



THE FRENCH YERB. 



MODEL Or THE 

SECOND EEGULAE CONJUNCTION. 

( Continuation. ) 



INTERROGATIVE FORM. 
IN DIC AT IF. 

Present Present 
Emplis-je ? do I fill, or am I filling, 

Emplis-tu ? 
Emplit-il? 
Emplissons-nous ? 
Emplissez-vous ? 
Emplissent-ils ? 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Emplissais-je ? did I fill, or was I 

fining ? &c. 
Emplissais-tu ? 
Emplissait-il? 
Emplissions-nous ? 
Emplissiez-vous ? 
Emplissaient-ils ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 

Emplis-je? did I fill ? &c. 
Ernplis-tu ? 
Emplit-il ? 
Emplimes nous ? 
Emplites-vous ? 
Emplirent-ils ? 

Fuiur. Future. 

Emplirai-je ? shall I fill? &c. 
Empliras-tu ? 
Emplira-t-il ? 
Emplirons-nons ? 
Emplirez-vous ? 
Empliront-ils ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 

Emplirais-je? should I fill, &c. 
Emplirais-tu ? 
Emplirait-il ? 



To fill. 

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIVE. 

Present Present 

N'emplis-je pas ? do I not, or am I 

not, filling ? &c. 
N'emplis-tu pas? 
N'emplit-il pas ? 
N'emplissons-nous pas ? 
N'emplissez-vous pas ? 
N'emplissent-ils pas ? 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
N'emplissais-je pas ? did I not fill, 

or was I not filling ? &c. 
N'emplissais-tu pas? 
N'emplissait-il pas ? 
N'emplissions-nous pas ? 
N'emplissiez-vous pas ? 
N'emplissaient-ils pas ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
N'emplis-je pas ? did I not fill ? &c. 
N'emplis-tu pas? 
N'emplit-il pas ? 
N'emplimes-nous pas ? 
N'emplites-vous pas ? 
N'emplirent-ils pas ? 

Futur. Future, 

N'emplirai-je pas? 
N'empliras-tu pas? 
N'enTplira-t-il pas ? 
N'emplirons-nous pas 
N'emplirez-vous pas ? 
N'empliront-ils pas ? 

CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present 

N'emplirais-je pas? should I not 
N'emplirais-tu pas ? [fill, &c. 

N'emplirait-il pas ? 



THE FEENCH VEKB. 61 

Emplirions-nous ? N'emplirions-nous pas'? 

Empliriez-vous? N'empliriez-vous pas? 

Empliraient-ils ? N'empliraient-ils pas ? 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
Ai-je empli ? have I filled, &c. N'ai-je pas empli ? have I not filled! 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. Plus-que-parfai}. Pluperfect. 

Avais-je empli? had I filled? &c. N'avais-je pas empli? had I not fill- 
ed? &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Eus-je empli ? had I filled? &c. N'eus-je pas empli ? had I not filled ? 

&c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Aurai-je empli? shall I have filled? N'aurai-je pas empli? shall I not 
&c. have filled? <fcc. 

CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. Passe. Past. 

Aurais-je empli? should I have fill- N'aurais-je pas empli? should not I 
ed ? &c. have filled ? &c. 



MODEL OF THE 

THIRD REGULAR CONJUGATION. 

Recevoir 9 To receive. 

AFFIRMATIVE FORM. NEGATIVE FORM. 

INDICATIF. INDICATIVE. 

Present. Present. Present. Present. 

Je recois, I receive, or am receiv- Je ne recois pas, I do not receive, 

ing, &c. or am not receiving, &c. 

Tu recois Tu ne recois pas 

H recoit II ne recoit pas 

Nous recevons Nous ne recevons pas 

Yous recevez Vous ne recevez pas 

Us recoivent. Us ne recoivent pas. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Je recevais, I received, or used to Je ne recevais pas, I did not receive, 

receive, &c. or used not to receive, &c. 

Tu recevais Tu ne recevais pas 

II recevait II ne recevait pas 

Nous recevions Nous ne recevions pas 



62 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Vous receviez 
lis recevaient 

Passe DefinL Past Definite, 
Je rectus, I received, &c. 
Tu re9"as 
Je recut 
Nous re9umes 
Vous re9utes 
lis recurent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je recevrai, I shall receive, &c. 
Tu recevras 
II recevra 
Nous recevrons 
Vous recevrez 
Hs recevront. 



Vous ne receviez pas 
Hs ne recevaient pas. 



Past Definite. 

did not receive, 
[&c. 



Passe DefinL 
Je ne re9us pas, I 
Tu ne re9us pas 
II ne re9ut pas 
Nous ne re9umes pas 
Vous ne re9utes pas 
lis ne re9urent pas. 

Futur. Future. 
Je ne recevrai pas, I shall not re- 
Tu ne recevras pas [ceive, &c. 

II ne recevra pas 
Nous ne recevrons pas 
Vous ne recevrez pas 
Us ne recevront pas. 



CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present. 
Je recevrais, I should receive, &c. 
Tu recevrais 
II recevrait 
Nous recevrions 
Vous recevriez 
lis recevraient. 

Passe DefinL Past Definite. 
J'ai re9U, I have received, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 
J'avais re9U, I had received, &c. 

Passe Anierieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus re9U, I had received, &c. 



CONDITIONAL. 

Present. Present. 
Je ne recevrais pas, I should no tre- 
Tu ne recevrais pas [ceive, &c. 

II ne recevrait pas 
Nous ne recevrions pas 
Vous ne recevriez pas 
lis ne recevraient pas. 

Passi DefinL Past Definite. 

Je n'ai pas re9U, I have not receiv- 
ed, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 

Je n'avais pas re9U, I had not re- 
ceived, &c. 

Passi Antirieur. Past Anterior. 

Je n'eus pas re9U, I had not re- 
ceived, &c. 



Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 



J'aurai re9U, I shall have received, 
&c. 



Je n'aurai pas re9U, I should not 



have received, &e. 



CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Passi. Past Passi. Past. 

J'aurais re9U, I should have receiv- Je n'aurais pas re9u, I should not 
ed, &C. have received? &c. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



63 



IMPERATIF. 

(No 1st person sing.) 
Re9ois, receive (thou) 
Qu'il re9oive, let him receive 

Recevons, let us receive 

Recevez, receive (you) 

Qu'ils re9oivent, let them receive. 



IMPERATIVE. 

(No 1st person sing. ) 
Ne re9ois pas, do not (thou) receive 
Qu'il ne re9oive pas, let him not re- 
ceive 
Ne recevons pas, let us not receive 
Ne recevez pas, do not (you) receive 
Qu'ils ne re9oivent pas, let them not 
receive. 



STJBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present 

Que je re9oive, that I receive, or 

should receive, &c. 
Que tu re^oives 
Qu'il re9oive 
Que nous recevions 
Que vous receviez 
Qu'il re9oivent. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Que je re9usse, that I received, or 

should receive, &c. 
Que tu re9usses 
Qu'il re9ut 
Que nous re9ussions 
Que vous re9ussiez 
Qu'ils re9ussent. 

Passe. Past 
Que j'aie re9U, that I have, or should 
have, received, &c. 



Plus -que-parf ait Pluperfect 

Que j'eusse re9u, that I had, or 
should have, received, &c 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present Present 
Que je ne re9oive pas, that I do not, 

or should not receive, &c. 
Que tu ne re9oives pas 
Qu'il ne re9oive pas 
Que nous ne recevions pas 
Que vous ne receviez pas 
Qu'ils ne re9oivent pas. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Que je ne re9usse pas, that I did 
not, or should not, receive, &c. 
Que tu ne pusses pas 
Qu'il ne re9ut pas 
Que nous ne re9ussions pas 
Que vous ne re9ussiez pas 
Qu'ils ne re9ussent pas. 

Passe. Past 

Que je n'aie pas re9u, that I have 
not, or should not have, receiv- 
ed, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 

Que je n'eusse pas re9u, that I had 
not, or should not have, receiv- 
ed, &c. 



Observation. — This verb takes a cedilla under the c, thus c, whenever 
that letter is immediately followed by o or u. 



64 



THE FEENCH VEEB, 



MODEL OF THE 

THIED EEGULAE CONJUGATION. 

( Continuation. ) 



Recevoir 9 

INTERROGATIVE FORM. 

INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
Ee9ois-je? do I receive, &c. 
He9ois-tu ? 
Recoit-il? 
Becevons-nous 
Becevez-vous ? 
Be9oivent-ils ? 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Kecevais-je ? used I to receive, &c. 
Becevais-tu ? 
Becevait-ils ? 
Becevions-nous ? 
Beceviez-vous ? 
Becevaient-ils ? 

Passe Deflni. Past Definite, 
Be9us-je ? did I receive ? &c. 
Re9us-tu ? 
Ee9ut-il? 
Ee9umes-nous ? 
Ee9utes-vous ? 
Ee9urent-ils ? 

Futur. ■ Future. 

Eecevrai-je ? shall I receive? &c. 
Eecevras-tu ? 
Eecevra-t-il ? 
Eecevrons-nous ? 
Eecevrez-vous ? 
Eecevront-ils ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 



To Receive. 

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIVE. 

Present Present 
Ne re9ois-je pas ? do I not receive ? 
Nere9ois-tu? [&c. 

Ne re9oit-il pas ? 
Ne recevons-nous pas ? 
Ne recevez-vous pas ? 
Ne re9oivent-ils pas ? 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Ne recevais-je pas? used I not to 
Ne recevais-tu pas ? [receive ? &c. 
Ne recevait-il pas ? 
Ne recevions-nous pas ? 
Ne receviez-vous pas ? 
Ne recevaient-ils pas? 

PassS Deflni. Past Definite. 
Ne re9us-je pas ? did I not receive ? 
Ne rectis-tu pas ? [&c. 

Ne re9iit-il pas ? 
Ne re9umes-nous pas ? 
Ne re9utes-vous pas ? 
Ne re9urent-ils pas ? 

Futur. Future. 
Ne recevrai-je pas? shall I not re- 



Ne recevras-tu pas ? 
Ne Eecevra-t-il pas ? 
Ne recevrons pas ? 
Ne recevrez-vous pas ? 
Ne recevront-ils pas ? 



[ceive, &c. 



CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present 



Eecevrais-je ? should I receive ? &c. Ne recevrais-je pas? should I not 
Eecevrais-tu ? Ne recevrais-tu v>as? [receive ? &c. 

Eecevrait-il ? Ne recevrait-il pas ? 

Eecevrions-nous ? Ne recevrions-nous pas ? 

Eecevriez-vous ? Ne recevriez-vous pas ? 

Eecevraient-ils ? Ne recevraient-ils pas ? 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



65 



PassS Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
Ai-je re9U? have I received? &c. 



PassS Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
N'ai-je pas recu? have I not receiv- 
ed ? &c. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect Plusque-que-parfait Pluperfect. 

Avais-je recu ? had I received ? &c. N'avais-je pas recu ? had I not re- 
ceived? &c. 



Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 



Passe Anterieur. Anterior. 



Eus je recu ? had I received ? &c. N'eus je pas recu ? had I not receiv- 
ed ? &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
Aurai-je recu? shall I have receiv- N 4 aurai-je pas recu? shall I not have 
ed ? &c. received ? &c. 

CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present Present. Present 

Aurais-je recu ? should I have re- N'aurais-je pas recu ? should I not 
ceived ? &c. have received ? &c. 



4 ♦ » 



MODEL OF THE 



FOURTH REGULAR CONJUGATION. 



Entendre. 



To Hear. 



AFFIRMATIVE FORM. 
INDIC ATIF. 

Present Present 

J'entends, I hear, &c. 
Tu entends 
II entend 
Nous entendons 
Vous entendez 
lis entendent. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
J'entendais, 1 used to hear, &c 
Tu entendais 
II entendait 
Nous entendions 
Vous entendiez 
Us entendaient. 



NEGATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIVE. 

Present Present 

Je n' entends pas, I do not hear, &c. 

Tu n' en tends pas 

II n' entend pas 

Nous n'entendons pas 

Vous n'entendez pas 

Us n'entendent pas. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Je n'entendais pas 
Tu n'entendais pas 
II n'entendait pas 
Nous n' entendions pas 
Vous n' entendiez pas . 
lis n'entendaient pas. 



66 



THE TRENCH VERB. 



Passe Difinl Past Definite. 
J'entendis, I heard, &c. 
Tu entendis 
II entendit 
Nous entendimes 
Vous entendites 
lis entendirent. 

Futur. Future. 
J'entendrai, I shall hear, &c. 
Tu entendras 
H entendra 
Nous entendrons 
Vous entendrez 
lis entendront. 

CONDITIONNEL 

Present. Present 
J'entendrais, I should hear, &c. 
Tu entendrais 
II entendrait 
Nous entendrions 
Vous entendriez 
Us entendraient. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
J'ai entendu, I have heard, &c. 

Plus -que-parf ait. Pluperfect. 
J'avais entendu, I had heard, &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus entendu, I had heard, &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai entendu, I shall have heard, 
&c. 



Passi Defini. Past Definite. 
Je n'entendis pas, I did not hear, 
Tu n'entendis pas [&c. 

II n'entendit pas 
Nous n' entendimes pas 
Vous n' entendites pas 
lis n'entendirent pas. 

Futur. Future. 
Je n'entendrai pas, I shall not hear, 
Tu n' entendras pas [&c. 

II n'entendra pas 
Nous n'entendrons pas 
Vous n' entendrez pas 
Us n' entendront pas. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present 
Je n'entendrais pas 
Tu n'entendrais pas 
II n'entendrait pas 
Nous n'entendrions pas 
Vous n' entendriez pas. 
Us n'entendraient pas. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite 
Je n'ai pas entendu, I have not 
heard, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Je n'avais pas entendu, I had not 
heard, &c. 

Passi Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Je n'eus pas entendu, I had not 
heard, &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Je n'aurai pas entendu, I shall not 
have heard, &c. 



CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. Passe. Past. 

J'aurais entendu, I should have Je n'aurais pas entendu, I shall not 



heard, &c. 



have heard, &c. 



IMPEEATIF. 



{No 1st person sing.) 
Entends, hear (thou) 
Qu'il entende, let him hear 



IMPERATIVE. 



(No 1st person sing. ) 

N'entends pas, do not (thou) hear 

Qu'il n'entende, pas let him not hear 



THE FKENCH VERB. 



67 



Entendons, let us hear 

Entendez, hear (you) 

Qu'ils entendent, let them hear. 



N'entendons pas, let us not hear 
N'entendez pas, do not ^you) hear 
Qu'ils n'entendent pas, let them not 
hear. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present Present 

hear, &c. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Present Present 



Que j'entende, that I 
Que tu entendes 
Qu'il entende 
Que nous entendions 
Que vous entendiez 
Qu'ils entendent. 



Imparfait Imperfect 

Que j'entendisse, that I might hear, 

Que tu entendisses [&c. 

Qu'il entendit 

Que nous entendissions 

Que vous entendissiez 

Qu'ils entendissent. 

Passe, Past 



Que je n'entende pas, that I do not 

Que tu n'entendes pas [hear, &c. 

Qu'il n'entende pas 

Que nous n'entendions pas 

Que vous n' entendiez pas 

Qu'ils n'entendent pas. 

Imparfait Imperfect 

Que je n'entendisse pas, that I might 
Que tu entendisses pas [not hear, &c. 
Qu'il n'entendit pas 
Que nous n'entendissions pas 
Que vous n' entendissiez pas 
Qu'ils n'entendissent pas. 

Passe. Past 



Que j'aieentendu, that I have heard, Que je n'aie pas entendu, that 

&c. may not have heard, &c. 

Que tu aies entendu Que tu n'aies pas entendu 

Qu'il ait entendu Qu'il n'ait pas entendu 

Que nous ayons entendu Que nous n'ayons pas entendu 

Que vous ayez entendu Que vous n'ayez pas entendu 

Qu'ils aient entendu. Qu'ils n'aient pas entendu. 



Plus -qufi-parf ait Pluperfect 

Que j'eusse entendu, that I might 

have heard, &c. 
Que tu eusses entendu 
Qu'il eut entendu 
Que nous eussions entendu 
Que vous eussiez entendu 
Qu'ils eussent entendu. 



Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

Que je n'eusse pas entendu, that 

might not have heard, &c. 
Que tu n'eusses pas entendu 
Qu'il n'eut pas entendu 
Que nous n'eussions pas entendu 
Que vous n'eussiez pas" entendu 
Qu'ils n'eussent pas entendu. 



INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Entendre, to hear. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir entendu, to have heard. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present Present 
Ne pas entendre, not to hear. 

Passe. Past 

N'avoir pas entendu, not to have 
heard. 



68 



THE FBENCH VERB. 



PABTICIPE. 

Present Present. 

Entendant, hearing. 

Passe. Past. 

Entendu, ayant entendu, 
having heard. 



PAKTICIPLE. 

Present Present. 
N'entendant pas, not hearing. 

Passe. Past 

heard, N'ayant pas entendu, not having 
heard. 



■♦ » » 



MODEL OF THE 



FOUKTH EEGULAE CONJUGATION. 

( Continuation. ) 



Entendre, 

INTERROGATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIF. 

Present Present. 

Entends-je ? do I hear, &e. 
Entends-tu ? 
Entend-il ? 
Entendons-nous ? 
Entendez-vous ? 
Entendent-ils ? 

Imparfait Imperfect. 
Entendais-je ? used I to hear? &c. 
Entendais-tu ? 
Entendait-il ? 
Entendions-nous ? 
Entendiez-vous ? 
Entendaient-ils ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 

Entendis-je ? did I hear ? &c. 
Entendis-tu ? 
Entendit-il? 
Enten dimes-nous ? 
Entendites-vous ? 
Entendirent-ils ? 

Futur. Future. 
Entendrai-je ? shall I hear ? &c. 
Entendras-tu ? 
Entendra-t-il ? 
Entendrons-nous ? 
Entendrez-vous ? 
Entendront-ils ? 



To near. 

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIVE. 

Present Present 
N'entends-je pas ? do I not hear, &c. 
N'entends-tu pas? 
N'entend-il pas ? 
N'entendons-nous pas? 
N'entendez-vous pas ? 
N'entendent-ils pas ? 

Imparfait. Imperfect 

N'entendais-je pas? used I not to 
N'entendais-tu pas ? [to hear, &c. 
N'entendait-il pas ? 
N'entendions-nous pas ? 
N'entendiez-vous pas? 
N'entendaient-ils pas ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
N'entendis-je pas? did I not hear, 
N'entendis-tu pas ? [&c. 

N'entendit-il pas ? 
N'entendimes-nous pas ? 
N'entendites-vous pas ? 
N'entendirent-ils pas? 

Futur. Future. 

N'entendrais-je pas? shall I not 
N'entendras-tupas? [hear, &c. 
N'entendra-t-il pas ? 
N'entendrons-nous pas ? 
N'entendrez-vous pas ? 
N'sntendront-ils pas? 



THE FRENCH VERB, 



69 



CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 

Entendrais-je ? should I hear ? &c. 
Entendrais-tu ? 
Entendrait-il ? 
Entendrions-nous ? 
Entendriez-vous ? 
Entendraient-ils ? 

Passi Indefini. Past Indefinite, 
Ai-je entendu ? have I heard, &c. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Avais-je entendu? had I heard? &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Eus-je entendu? had I heard? &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

Aurai-je entendu? shall I have 
heard ? &c. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Passe. Past 
Aurais-je entendu? should I have 
heard? &c. 



CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present 
N'entendrais-je pas? should I not 
N'entendrais-tu pas ? [hear, &c. 
N'entendrait-il pas ? 
N'entendrions-nous pas ? 
N'entendriez-vous pas? 
N'entendraient-ils pas ? 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
N'ai-je pas entendu? have I not 
heard? &c. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

N'avais-je pas entendu ? had I not 
heard? &c. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

N'eus-je pas entendu ? had I not 
heard? &c. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
N'aurai-je pas entendu ? shall I not 
have heard ? &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
N'aurais-je pas entendu ? should I 
not have heard ? &c. 



+ ♦ » 



VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION 

CONTAINING SOME ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFICULTIES. 

MODEL OF VEEBS IN ELER. 
Appeler, To Call. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
J'appelle, I call, &c. 
Tu appelles 
II appelle 
Nous appelons 
Vous appelez 
Us appellent. 



INDICATIVE. 

Present Present 
J'ai appele', I have called, &c. 
Tu as appele' 
II a appele 
Nous avons appele 
Vous avez appele 
lis out appele. 



70 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Imparfait. Imperfect. 
J'appelais, I was calling, &c. 
Tu appelais 
II appelait 
Nous appelions 
Vous appeliez 
Hs appelaient. 

Passe Befini. Past Definite. 

J'appelai, I called, &c. 
Tu appelas 
II appela 
Nous appelames 
Vous appelates 
Hs appelerent. 

Futur. Future. 
J'appellerai, I shall call, &e. 
Tu appelleras 
II appellera 
Nous appellerons 
Vous appellerez 
lis appelleront. 

COND1TIONNEL. 

Present. Present 
J'appellerais, I should call, &c. 
Tu appellerais 
II appellerait 
Nous appellerions 
Nous appelleriez 
Hs appeUeraient. 

IMPEEATIP. 



Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 
J'avais appele', I had called, &c. 
Tu avais appeld 
H avait appele 
Nous avions appele 
Vous aviez appele' 
Hs avaient appeld. 

Passe AnVerieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus appele, I had called, &c. 
Tu eus appeld 
II eut appele' 
Nous eumes appele 
Vous eutes appeld 
Hs eurent appele'. 

Futur AnUrieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai appele', 
Tu auras appele 
H aura appele 
Nous aurons appele* 
Vous aurez appele 
Hs auront appele', 

CONDiTIONAIu 

Passe. Past. 

J'aurais appele', I should have call- 
Tu aurais appele [ed, &c. 

H aurait appele 
Nous aurions appeld 
Vous auriez appele 
lis auraient appele'. 

IMPEBATIVE. 



(Hfo 1st pers. sing. ) 

Appelle, call (thou) 

Qu'il appelle, let him call 

Appelons, let us call 

Appelez, call (you) 

Qu'ils appellent, let them call. 



SITB-JONCTIF. 

Present. Present. 
Que j 'appelle, that I may call, &c. 
Que tu appelle 
Qu'il appelle 
Que nous appelions 
Que vous appeliez 
Qu'ils appellent. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Present. 
Que j'ai appele', that I may have 
Que tu aies appele* [called, &c. 

Qu'il ait appele 
Que nous ayons appele* 
Que vous ayez appele 
Qu'ils aient appele. 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



71 



Imparfaii. Imperfect 

Que j'appelasse, that I might call, 

&c. 
Que tu appelasses 
Qull appelat 
Que nous appelassions 
Que yous appelassiez 
Qu'ils appelassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Appeler, to call. 

PAETICIPE. 

Present Present 
Appelant, calling. 



Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

Que j'eusse appele', that I might 

have heard, &c. 
Que tu eusses appele 
Qu'il eut appele 
Que nous eussions appeld 
Que vous eussiez appele* 
Qu'ils eussent appele'. 

INFINITIVE, 

Passe. Past 
Avoir appeid, to have called. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 

Appele', ayant appele', called, hav- 
ing called. 



Observation. — Although all verbs in er, except alter, might very well 
be conjugated according to the model given at page 53, yet, in order to 
follow out our plan of removing all difficulties, it has been considered 
desirable to give supplementary models showing the peculiarities of 
some verbs, like appeler and those on the following pages, which, while 
they are not irregular, present certain orthographical difficulties not 
found in the model of the first regular conjugation. 

Verbs whose infinitive present ends in eler double the I whenever this 
letter is followed by a mute e. Thus, fappelles, nous appellerons, etc. , 
take a second I, because'the letter following is an e mute ; but fappelais, 
nous appelions, etc., do not double the I, because it is not immediately 
followed by an e mute. 



+ ♦ » 



MODEL OF YEEBS IN ELBE. 



Reveler 5 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 

Je re'vele, I reveal, &c. 
Tu re'veles 
II re'vele 
Nous re'velons 
Vous revelez 
Us revelent. 



To reveal, 

INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite, 
J'ai re'vele', I have iv veal ad, &c. 
Tu as reve'le' 
H a re'vele 
Nous avons re'vele 
Vous avez revels 
Us ont re'vele'. 



72 



THE FRENCH VEBB. 



Imparfait. Imperfect 
Je re'velais, I was revealing, &c. 
Tu re'velais 
II re'velait 
Nous revelions 
Nous re'veliez 
lis re'velaient. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite, 

Je re'velai, I revealed, &c. 

Tu re'velas 

II re'vela 

Nous re'velames 

Vous re'velates 

lis reveler en t. 

Futur. Future. 
Je revelerai, I shall reveal, &c. 
Tu re'veleras 
II re'velera 
Nous revelerons 
Vous re'velerez 
Us re'veleront. 



Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
J'avais revele', I had revealed, &c. 
Tu avais revele 
II avait re'vele 
Nous avions revele 
Vous aviez revele 
lis avaient revele 

Passe Anterleur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus revele, I had revealed, &c. 
Tu eus revele 
II eut re've'le 
Nous eumes revele 
Vous eutes revele 
lis eurent revele. 

Futur Anterleur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai re'vele', I shall have reveal- 
Tu auras re'vele [ed, &e. 

II aura re'vele 
Nous aurons re'vele 
Vous aurez revele 
lis auront re'vele'. 



CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 
Je revelerais, I should reveal, &c. 
Tu re'velerais 
II re'velerait 
Nous revelerions 
Vous reveleriez 
lis rdveleraient. 



CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
J'aurais revele', I should have re- 
Tu aurais re'vele [vealed, &c. 

II aurait revele 
Nous aurions re'vele 
Vous auriez re'veld 
lis auraient revele'. 



IMPEBATIF. IMPEEATITE. 

(No 1st person sing.) 

Kevele, reveal (thou) 

Qu'il revele, let him reveal 

Re'velons, let us reveal 

Kevelez, reveal (you) 

Qu'ils re'velent, let them reveal. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present 

Qu'il^e re'vele, that I reveal, &c. 

Que tu re'veles 

Qu'il revele 

Que nous revelions 

Que vous reveliez 

Qu'ils reveient. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Que j'aie re'vele, that I have reveal- 
Que tu aies re'vele [ed, &c. 

Qu'il ait re'vele 
Que nous ayons re've'le 
Que vous ayez revele 
Que ils aient revele. 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



73 



ImparfaiL Imperfect 
Que je revelasse, that I might re- 
Que tu re'velasses [veal, &c. 

Qu'iL revelat 
Que nous revelassions 
Que vous re'velassiez 
Qu'ils revelassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Bdvdler, to reveal. 

PABTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Revelant, revealing. 



Plus-que~parfait Pluperfect 
Que j'eusse revele', that I might have 
Que tu eusses revele' [revealed, &c. 
Qu'il eiit revele 
Que nous eussions reVele 
Que vous eussiez re'vele 
Qu'ils eussent revele'. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe*. Past 
Avoir revele', to have revealed. 

PABTICIPIiE. 

Passe. Past 

Re'vele, ayant revele', revealed, hav- 
ing revealed. 



Obseevation. — Verbs whose infinitive ends in Her, like riveter, never 
double the Z, because the e which precedes it is accented. But the ac- 
cent is an acute accent ('), and it is changed to the grave accent (^) 
whenever the I is immediately followed by an e mute. See, in the fore- 
going conjugation, the present and future indicative, and present condi- 
tional, the imperative, and the present subjunctive. 



VERBS IN ELEE. 

Obseevation. — Verbs which, like beler, feler, greler, mSler, etc., make 
their present infinitive in Her, do not double the I, inasmuch as the e im- 
mediately preceding it is accented ; nor does the accent of that e become 
grave, because it is a circumflex, and not an acute, accent. Only the 
acute accent can be changed to the grave accent. 



MODEL OF VEEBS IN ETER. 



Jeter, 

INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
Je jette, I throw, &c. 
Tu jettes 
II jette 
Nous jetons 
Vous jetez 
Ilsjettent. 



To throw* 

INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite, 
J'ai jete', I have thrown, &c. 
Tu as jete 
II a jete 

Nous avons jetd 
Vous avez jete. 
Us ont jete. 



74 



THE FRENCH YERB. 



Imparfait. Imperfect. 
Je jetais, I used to throw, &c. 
Tu jetais 
II jetait 
Nous jetions 
Vous jetiez 
lis jetaieut. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Je jetai, I threw, &c. 
Tujetas 
II j eta 

Nous jetames 
Vous jetates 
lis jeter ent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je jetterai, I shall throw, &c. 
Tu jetteras 
II jettera 
Nous jetterons 
Vous jetterez 
lis jetteront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present. 
Je jetterais, I should throw, &c. 
Tu jetterais 
II jetterait 
Nous jetterions 
Vous jetteriez 
lis jetteraient. 



Plus- que-parf ait. Pluperfect 

J'avais jete, I had thrown, &c. 

Tu avais jete 

II avait jete 

Nous avions jete* 

Vous aviez jete 

Us avaient jete*. 

Passe* AnUrieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eusjete', I had thrown, &c. 
Tu eus jete* 
II eut jete 
Nous eumes jete 
Vous eutes jete* 
Us eur ent jete'. 

Futur AnUrieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai jete, I shall have thrown, &c. 
Tu auras jete 
II aura jete 
Nous aurons jete 
Vous aurez jete 
lis auront jete'. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 

J'aurais jete', I should have thrown, 
Tu aurais jete [&c. 

II aurait jete 
Nous aurions jete 
Vous auriez jete 
lis auraient jete. 



IMPEBATIF. IMPERATIVE. 

{No 1st person sing.) 

Jette, throw (thou) 

Qu'il jette, let him throw 

Jetons, let us throw 

Jetez, throw (you) 

Qu'ils jettent, let them throw. 



BUBJONCTIF. 

Present Present. 
Que je jette, that I may throw, &c. 
Que tu jettes 
Qu'il jette 
Que nous jetions 
Que vous jetiez 
Qu'ils jettent. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past. 
j'aie jete', that I may 



Que 

Que tu aies jete 

Qu'il ait jete 

Que nous ayons jete' 

Que vous ayez jete 

Qu'ils aient jete. 



have 
[thrown, &c. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



75 



Imparfait Imperfect Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 

Que je jetasse, that I might throw, Que j'eusse jete, that I might have 



Que tu jetasses 
Qu'il jetat 
Que nous jetassions 
Que vous jetassiez 
Qu'ils jetassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Jeter, to throw. 

PAETICIPE. 

Present Present 
Jetant, throwing. 



[&c. Que tu eusses jete [thrown, &c 
Qu'il eut jete' 
Que nous eussions jetd 
Que vous eussiez jete 
Qu'ils eussent jete. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir jete', to have thrown 

PAETICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 

Jete*, ayant jete', thrown, having 
thrown. 



Observations. — Verbs whose infinitive present ends in eter, follow 
precisely the same rule as those in eler ; that is to say, they double the t 
in all cases before a mute e. Such is the opinion of some of the best 
authorities ; but the Academy excepts from this rule acheter, becqueter, 
colleter, crocheter, racheter, haleter and eiiqueter, and decrees that these 
should be conjugated like verbs in eler, (see reveler, last model but one, ) 
and take a grave accent over the e immediately preceding .the t, when- 
ever the latter is followed by a mute e. Usage, however, seems to be in 
favor of conjugating all verbs in eter, save acheter, like jeter, as given 
above : il becquette, nous crochetterions. 



<• ♦» 



MODEL OF VEEBS IN £TEB. 



Completer, 

INDICATIP. 

Present. Present 
Je complete, I complete, &c. 
Tu completes 
II complete 
Nous comple'tons 
Vous comple'tez 
lis completent. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Je comple'tais, I used to complete, 
Tu comple'tais [&c. 



To Complete, 



INDICATIVE, 



Passe Indefint Past Indefinite. 
J'ai complete', I have completed, &c. 
Tu as comple'te' 
II a comple'te' 
Nous avons comple'te' 
Vous avez comple'te 
lis ont comple'te. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
J'avais comple'te', I. had completed, 
Tu avais comple'te [&c. 



76 



THE FBENCH VEKB. 



II comple'tait 
Nous completions 
Yous completiez 
Us coniple'taient. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Je comple'tai, I completed, &c. 
Tu comple'tas 
II comple'ta 
Nous comple'tames 
Yous complicates 
lis comple'terent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je compieterai, I shall complete, &c. 
Tu completeras 
II completera 
Nous completerons 
Yous completerez 
Us completerons. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present. Present. 

Je completerais, I should complete, 
Tu completerais [&c. 

II completerait 
Nous completerions 
Yous completeriez 
lis completeraient. 



II avait complete 
Nous avions complete* 
Yous aviez complete 
Us avaient comple'te'. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus complete', I had completed, &c. 
Tu eus comple'te 
II eut comple'te 
Nous eumes comple'te 
Yous eutes comple'te' 
lis eurent complete. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai comple'te', I shall have com- 
Tu auras comple'te [pleted, &c, 
II ailra complete 
Nous aurons comple'te 
Yous aurez comple'te 
lis auront comple'te'. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past, 

J'aurais comple'te, I should have 
Tu aurais comple'te' [completed, &c. 
II aurait comple'te 
Nous aurions comple'te 
Yous auriez complete 
lis auraient complete 



IMPERATIP. IMPEBATIVE. 

(No 1st pers. sing. ) 

Complete, complete (thou) 

Qu'il complete, let him complete 

Comple'tons, let us complete 

Comple'tez, complete (you) 

Qu'ils completent, let them complete. 



STJBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present. 
Que je complete, that I may com- 
plete, &c. 
Que tu completes 
Qu'il complete 
Que nous comple'tions 
Que vous completiez 
Qu'ils completent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Que je comple'tasse, that I might 
complete, &c. 



subjunctive. 
Passe*. Past. 

Que j'aie comple'te', that I may have 

completed, &c. 
Que tu aies comple'te 
Qu'il ait complete' 
Que nous ayons comple'te' 
Que vous ayez complete 
Qu'ils aient comple'te'. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 
Que j'eusse comple'te', that I might 
have completed, &c. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



77 



Que tu comple'tasse 
Qu'il coinpletat 
Que nous comple'tassions 
Que vous comple'tassiez 
Qu'ils comple'tassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present. Present. 
Comple'ter, to complete 

PAETICIPE. 

Present. Present 
Comple'tant, completing. 



Que tu eusses comple'te' 
Qu'il eut comple'te' 
Que nous eussions comple'te' 
Que vous eussiez complete 
Qu'ils eussent complete'. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir comple'te', to have completed. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past. 
Comple'te, ayant comple'te, com- 
pleted, having completed. 



Observations. — All verbs in iter are conjugated like the preceding 
model, and consequently do not double the t before a mute e ; instead 
of which they substitute a grave accent for the acute over the e imme- 
diately preceding the t, whenever the letter next after that i is a mute e. 
Indeed all verbs terminating in er in the infinitive present, and whose 
last vowel before that termination is an (acute) e, change the latter into 
a (grave) I whenever there is a mute e coming after. From this rule are 
excepted the whole of the verbs in eger. 



■» ♦ » 



MODEL OF YEEBS m GEE. 



Arranger. 



To Arrange. 



INDICATIF. 



Present. Present 
J'arrange, I arrange, &c. 
Tu arranges 
II arrange 
Nous arrangeons 
Vous arrangez 
lis arrangent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

J'arrangeais, I used to arrange, &c. 
Tu arrangeais 
II arrangeait 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
J'ai arrange', I have arranged, &c. 
Tu as arrange 
H a arrange 
Nous avons arrange 
Vous avez arrange 
Us ont arrange'. 

Plus-que~parfait Pluperfect. 
J'avais arrange', I had arranged, &c. 
Tu avais arrange 
II avait arrange' 



78 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



&c. 



Nous arrangions 
Vous arrangiez 
lis arrangeaient. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
J'arrangeai, I arranged, &c. 
Tu arrangeas 
II arrangea 
Nous arrangeames 
Vous arrangeates 
Us arrangerent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je arrangerai, I shall arrange, 
Tu arrangeras 
II arrangera 
Nous arrangerons 
Yous arrangerez 
lis arrangeront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present. Present. 
J'arrangerais, I should arrange, &c. 
Tu arrangerais 
II arrangerait 
Nous arrangerions 
Vous arrangeriez 
lis arrangeraient. 



Nous nvions arrange' 
Vous aviez arrange 
lis avaient arrange'. 

Passe Anterieiur. Past Anterior. 

J'eus arrange', I had arranged, &c. 

Tu eus arrange* 

II eut arrange' 

Nous eumes arrange 

Vous eutes arrange 

lis eurent arrange'. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai arrange', I shall have arrang- 
Tu auras arrange [ed, &c. 

II aura arrange 
Nous aurons arrange* 
Vous aurez arrange 
Hs auront arrange'. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 
J'aurais arrange', I should have ar- 
Tu aurais arrange 
II aurait arrange' 
Nous aurions arrange* 
Vous auriez arrange 
Hs auraient arrange. 



[ranged, &c. 



IMPEBATIF. IMPEBATIVE. 

( JVo 1st person sing. ) 

Arrange, arrange (thou) 

Qu'il arrange, let him arrange 

Arrangeons, let us arrange 

Arrangez, arrange (you) 

Qu'ils arrangent, let them arrange. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present. 
Que j 'arrange, that I may arrange, 
Que tu arranges [&c. 

Qu'il arrange 
Que nous arrangions 
Que vous arrangiez 
Qu'ils arrangent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Que j'arrangeasse, that I might ar- 
range, &c. 
Que tu arrangeasses 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past. 
Que j'aie arrange, that I may have 
Que tu aies arrange' [arranged, &c. 
Qu'il ait arrange 
Que nous ayons arrange 
Que vous ayez arrange' 
Qu'ils aient arrange'. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 

Que j'eusse arrange, that I might 

have arranged, &c. 
Que tu eusses arrange 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



79 



Qu'il arrangeat 
Que nous arrangeassions 
Que vous arrangeassiez 
Qu'ils arrangeassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present. Present 
Arranger, to arrange. 

PABTICIPE. 

Present. Present. 
Arrangeant, arranging. 



Qu'il eut arrange 
Que nous eussions arrange 
Que vous eussiez arrange 
Qu'il eussent arrange'. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir arrange, to have arranged. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past. 

Arrange', ayant arrange', arranged, 
having arranged. 



Observations. — As the g in the verbs of this class must in all cases re- 
tain the soft sound of }", which it has in the infinitive, it is necessary to 
insert an e after the g, whenever that letter is followed by an a or an o, 
as : je changeai, il arrangea. 



♦ » » 



MODEL OF VEKBS IN GEE. 



Placer, 

INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
Je place, I place, &c. 
Tu places 
II place 
Nous placons 
Vous placez 
lis placent. 

Imparfait Imperfect. 

Je placais, I was placing, &c. 

Tu placais 

H placait 

Nous placions 

Vous placiez 

lis placaient. 



To Place. 



INDICATIVE. 



Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

J'ai place', I have placed, &c. 

Tu as place 

H a place 

Nous avons place* 

Vous avez place 

lis ont place'. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
J'avais place', I had placed, &c. 
Tu avais place 
H avait place 
Novs avions place 
Vous aviez plac£ 
Us avaient place'. 



80 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Je plagai, I placed, &c. 
Tu pla9as 
II placa 
Nous pla9ames 
Vous placates 
lis placerent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je placerai, I shall place, &c. 
Tu placeras 
II placera 
Nous placerons 
Vous placerez 
lis placeront. 

CONDITIONNEL 

Present Present 
Je placerais, I should place, &c. 
Tu placerais 
II placerait 
Nous placerions 
Vous placeriez 
lis placeraient. 



Passe Ant'erieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus place', I had placed, &c. 
Tu eus place 
H eut place 
Nous eumes place 
Vous eutes place 
lis eurent place. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai place', I shall have placed, 
Tu auras place' [&c. 

H aura place 
Nous aurons place 
Vous aurez place 
Hs auront place. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe Past. 
J'aurais place', I should have placed, 



Tu aurais place 
II aurait placd 
Nout aurions place 
Vous auriez placd 
lis auraient place. 



[&c. 



IMPEKATIF. IMPEEATIVE. 

(JSfo 1st person sing.) 
Place, place (thou) 
Qu'il place, let him place 
Placons, let us place 
Placez, place (you) 
Qu'ils placent, let them place. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present. 
Que je place, that I may place, &c. 
Que tu places 
Qu'il place 
Que nous placions 
Que vous placiez 
Qu'ils placent 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Que je placasse, that I might place, 
Que tu placasses [&c. 

Qu'il placat 
Que nous plaeassions 
Que vous pla^assiez 
Qu'ils pla9assent. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past. 

Que j'aie place, that I may have 

Que tu aies placd [placed &c. 

Qu'il ait placd 

Que nous ayons placd 

Que vous ayez place* 

Qu'ils aient place 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Que j'eusse place*, that I might have 
Que tu eusses place* [placed, &c. 
Qu'il eut place 
Que nous eussions place 
Que vous eussiez place 
Qu'ils eussent place'. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



81 



INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Placer, to place. 

PARTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Placant, placing. 



INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir place', to have placed. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 
Place', ayant place, placed, having 
placed. 



Observations. — In all the verbs of this class the c takes a cedilla (9) 
whenever it is immediately followed by an a or an 0. The object of the 
cedilla is that the c may retain its soft sound (like c, in the English 
word place) ; were it not for the cedilla before those letters, the c 
would have, according to the general rule, the hard sound of k. 



< ♦» 



MODEL OF VEBBS IN ER 

HAYING AN E MUTE IN THE SYLLABLE BEFOEE THE 
TERMINATION OF THE INFINITIVE PRESENT. 



Lever, 



To lift, to raise. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 

Je leve, I raise, &c. 
Tu leves 
II leves 
Nous levons 
Vous levez 
Us levent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Je levais, I used to raise, &c. 
Tu levais 
II levait 
Nous levions 
Vous leviez 
Hs levaient 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indifini. Past Indefinite. 

J'ai leve', I have raised, &c. 

Tu as leve 

H a leve 

Nous avons leve 

Vous avez leve* 

Hs ont leve'. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 

J'avais leve', I had raised, &c. 

Tu avais leve* 

II avait leve 

Nous avions leve 

Vous aviez leve 

Hs avaient leve\ 



82 



THE EKENCH VERB. 



Passi Defini, Past Definite. 
Je levai, I raised, &c. 
Tu levas 
II leva 

Nous levames 
Vous levates 
lis leverent 

Futur. Future. 

Je leverai, I shall raise, &c. 
Tu leveras 
II levera 
Nous leverons 
Vous leverez 
lis leveront. 

CONDITIONNEL 

Present Present 
Je leverais, I should raise, &c. 
Tu leverais 
II leverait 
Nous leverions 
Nous leveriez 
Us leveraient. 



Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
*J'eus leve, I had raised, &c. 
Tu eus leve* 
II eut leve 
Nous eumes leve 
Vous eutes leve' 
Us eurent leve'. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 

J'aurai leve', I shall have raised, &c. 

Tu auras leve 

II aura leve 

Nous aurons leve 

Vous aurez leve 

Us auront leve'. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passi. Past. 

J'aurais leve, I should have raised, 
Tu aurais leve* [&c. 

II aurait leve 
Nous aurions leve* 
Vous auriez leve 
Us auraient leve\ 



IMPEKATIF. IMPERATIVE. 

(No 1st person sing.) 

Leve, raise (thou) 

Qu'il leve, let him raise 

Levons, let us raise 

Levez, raise (you) 

Qu'ils levent, let them raise. 



STJBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present 
Que je leve, that I raise, &c. 
Que tu leves 
Qu'il leve 
Que nous levions 
Que vous leviez 
Qu'ils levent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
Que je levasse, that I might raise, 
Que tu levasses [&c. 

Qu'il levat 

Que nous levassions 
Que vous levassiez 
Qu'ils levassent. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Que j'aie leve', that I may have rais- 
Que tu aies leve' [ed, <&c. 

Qu'il ait leve' 
Que nous ayons leve" 
Que vous ayez leve 
Qu'ils aient leve\ 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Que jeusse leve', that I might have 
Que tu eusses leve' [raised, &c. 

Qu'il eut leve 
Que nous eussions levd 
Que vous eussiez leve* 
Qu'ils eussent lev& 



THE FRENCH VERB, 



83 



INFINITIF. 

Present Present 
Lever, to raise. 

PARTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Levant, raising. 



INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir levd, to have raised. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 

Levd, ayant leve, raised, having 
raised. 



Observations. — The mute e which precedes the last syllable of the 
infinitive present of verbs of this class, (such as relever, enlever, mener, 
depecer, peser, etc. , ) is changed into a grave e whenever it is immediately 
followed by a mute syllable. 

Hence the general rule, that all French verbs that have an e in the 
syllable before the termination of the infinitive present, change that « 
whether it be an acute e or a mute e, into a grave £, in all cases in which 
it is immediately followed by a mute syllable. (Of course the learner is 
aware that a mute syllable is one whose only vowel is a mute e). 



o ♦ » 



MODEL OF YEKBS IN IEE. 



Plier, 



To Fold. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
Je plie, I fold, etc. 
Tu plies 
II plie 
Nous plions 
Vous pliez 
lis plient. 

Imparfait Imperfect. 

Je pliais, I used to fold, &c. 

Tu pliais 

II pliait 

Nous pliions 

Yous pliiez 

lis pliaient. 

Passe Deftni. Past Definite 
Jo pliai, I folded, &c. 
Tu plias 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
J'ai plie', I have folded, etc. 
Tu as plie 
II a plie 

Nous avons plie 
Yous avez plie 
Hs ont plie'. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
J'avais plie, I had folded, &c. 
Tu avais plie 
II avait plie 
Nous avions plie 
Yous aviez plie 
Us avaient plie'. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
J'eus plie', I had folded, &c. 
Tu eus plie' 



84 



THE FKENCH YEEB. 



H plia 

Nous pliames 
Vous pliates 
lis plierent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je plierai, I shall fold, &c. 
Tu plieras 
II pliera. 
Nous plierons 
Vous plierez 
lis plieront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 
Je plierais, I should fold, &c. 
Tu plierais 
II plierait 
Nous plierions 
Vous plieriez 
lis plieraient. 



II eut plie 
Nous eumes plie 
Vous elites plie 
Us eurent plie'. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai plie', I shall have folded, &c. 
Tu auras plie 
H aura plie' 
Nous aurons plie 
Vous aurez plie 
Us auront plie'. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
J'aurais plie', I should have folded, 



Tu aurais plie 
II aurait plie 
Nous aurions plie 
Vous auriez plie 
lis auraient plie'. 



[&c. 



IMPEEATIF. IMPEEATIVE. 

(JVo 1st person sing.) 

Plie, fold (thou) 

Qu'il plie, let him fold 

Plions, let us fold 

Pliez, fold (you) 

Qu'ils plient, let them fold. 



subjonctif. 
Present Present 
Que je plie, that I may fold, &c. 
Que tu plies 
Qu'il plie 
Que nous pliions 
Que vous pliiez 
Qu'ils plient. 

Imparfait Imperfect. 
Que je pliasse, that I might fold, &c. 
Que tu pliasses 
Qu'il pliat 
Que nous pliassions 
Que vous pliassiez 
Qu'ils pliassent. 

IN FIN I TIF. 

Present Present 
Plier, to fold. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past. 

Que j'aie plie', that I may have 

Que tu aies plie [folded, &c. 

Qu'il ait plie 

Que nous ayons plie 

Que vous ayez plie 

Qu'ils aient plie 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 
Que j'eusse plie, that I might have 
Que tu eusses plie [folded, &c. 

Qu'il eut phd 
Que nous eussions plie 
Que vous eussiez phe* 
Qu'ils eussent plie. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir plie, to have folded. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



85 



PARTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Pliant, folding. 



PARTICIPLE. 



Passe. Past. 

Plid, ayant r>lie, folding, having 
folded. 



Observations. — The foregoing verb, in common with all- those that 
make the present participle in iant, takes two i's in the first and second 
persons plural of the imperfect indicative and present subjunctive. And 
the reason of this is obvious : the final letter of the root of the verbs just 
referred to is i, and the first letter of the termination of the first and 
second person plural of the imperfect indicative and present subjunc- 
tive is an i also ; so that when the root pri is joined to the termination 
ions or iez, the result is double ii in those persons. Therefore, verbs in 
ier are not irregular in any respect ; but inasmuch as learners, at first 
sight, usually regard the concurrence of the two i's, in some persons and 
not in all, as a difficulty, it has been thought proper to devote a little 
space to the conjugation of one of the class, and a few observations cal- 
culated to remove every possible obstacle to the student's progress. 

It will be seen hereafter in the tableaux of conjugations at the end of 
the book, that the irregular verbs rire and sourire present the same pe- 
culiarity as verbs in ier. Ex. : Nous riions, vous riiez, etc. 



■» ♦ » 



MODEL OF YEEBS IN AYER, OYER, UYER. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 

Je paie, I pay, &c. 
Tu paies 
II paie 
Nous payons 
Vous payez 
lis paient. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Je payais, I was paying, &c. 
Tu payais 
II payait 
Nous payions 
Vous payiez 
lis payaient. 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
J'ai paye', I have paid, &c. 
Tu as paye 
II a paye' 
Nous avons payd 
Vous avez paye' 
lis ont paye. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 
J'avais paye', I had paid, &c. 
Tu avais paye 
II avait paye 
Nous avions paye* 
Vous aviez paye 
Ds avaient paye'. 



86 



THE TRENCH VERB. 



PassS Defini. Past Definite, 
Je payai, I paid, &c. 
Tu payas 
II paya 

Nous payames 
Vous payates 
lis payerent. 

Futur. Future, 
Je paierai, I shall pay, &c. 
Tu paieras 
II paiera 
Nous paierons 
Vous paierez 
lis paieront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 
Je paierais, I should pay, &c. 
Tu paierais 
II paierait 
Nous paierions 
Vous paieriez 
H paieraient. 



PassS AnUrieur, Past Anterior. 
J'eus paye*, I had paid, &c. 
Tu eus paye 
H eut paye' 
Nous eumes payd 
Vous eutes paye 
Us eurent paye. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
J'aurai paye', I shall have paid, &c. 
Tu auras paye 
II aura paye' 
Nous aurons payd 
Vous aurez paye 
lis auront paye. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past 
J'aurais paye, I should have paid, 



Tu aurais paye 
H aurait paye 
Nous aurions payd 
Vous auriez paye 
lis auraient paye\ 



[&c. 



IMP E EAT IF. IMPERATIVE. 

(No 1st person sing.) 

Paie, pay (thou) 

Qu'il paie, let him pay 

Payons, let us pay 

Payez, pay (you) 

Qu'ils paient, let them pay. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

present. Present 
Que je paie, that I may pay, &c. 
Que-tu paies 
Qu'il paie 
Que nous payions 
Que vous payiez 
Qu'ils paient. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Que je payasse, that I might pay, 
Que tu payasses [&c. 

Qu'il payat 
Que nous payassions 
Que vous payassiez 
Qu'ils payassent. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PassS. Past 
Que j 'aie paye, that I may have paid, 
Que tu aies paye' [&c. 

Qu'il ait paye 
Que nous ayons paye 
Que vous ayez paye 
Qu'ils aient paye'. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Que j'eusse paye, that I might have 
Que tu eusses paye' [paid, &c. 

Qu'il eut paye 
Que nous eussions paye 
Que vous eussiez paye 
Que ils eussent paye. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



87 



IKFINITIF. 

Present Present. 
Payer, to pay 

PAETICIPE. 



Present. 
Payant, paying. 



Present, 



INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Avoir paye', to have paid. 

PAKTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past. 
Paye*, ayant paye, paid, having paid. 



Obseevations. — Authors are divided in opinion as to the rale for the 
conjugation of verbs in yer. Some contend that the y should be pre- 
served throughout the whole of the tenses and persons ; while others 
amrni that the y ought to be changed into an i before an e mute. As 
the latter form is that given by the majority of grammarians, and con- 
firmed by usage at the present time, we have preferred to side with 
such respectable authority, and that too all the more decidedly as the 
French Academy, at the same time that it sanctions the use of either or- 
thography according to choice, adheres itself to the form given in our 
model. 



+ 4 » 



MODEL FOB THE 

CONJUGATION OF PASSIVE YEBB3. 



Eltre aime, 



INDIOATIF. 

Present Present. 
Je suis aime', I am loved, &c. 
Tu es aime 
H est aime 
Nous sommes aimes 
Vous etes aimes 
Us sont aime's. 

ImparfaiU Imperfect. 
J'e'tais aime', I was loved, &c. 
Tu e'tais aime 
II e'tait aime 
Nous e'tions aime's 
Vous etiez aime's 
lis etaient aimes. 



To be loved. 



INDICATIVE. 



Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

J'ai e'te aime, I have been loved, &c. 

Tu as ete' aim£ 

II a ete aime 

Nous avons ete aimes 

Vous avez e'te aime's 

Us sont aime's. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 
J'avais e'te aimd, I had been loved, 
Tu avais ete aime [<fcc. 

II avait e'te' aime 
Nous avions ete' aime's 
Vous aviez ete aime's 
Us avaient e'te aimes. 



88 THE FRENCH VERB. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Je fus aime', I was loved, &c. J'eus et6 aime', I had been loved, 

Tu fus aime' Tu eus e'te' aime [&c. 

II fat aime II eut et6 aime 

Nous fumes aime's Nous euroes ete aime's 

Vous futes aime's Vous eutes ete aimes 

Hs furent aime's lis eurent e'te' aime's. 

Futur. Future. Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
Je serai aime', I shall be loved, &c. J'aurai e'te aime, I shall have been 

Tu seras aime Tu auras e'te' aime' 

II sera aime 31 aura ete' aime 

Nous serons aime's Nous aurons e'te aimes 

Vous serez aimes Vous aurez e'te aimes 

lis seraient aime's. Hs auront e'te aime's. 

CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present. PassS. Past 

Je serais aime', I should be loved, J'aurais e'te' aime, I should have 

Tu serais aime' [&c. Tu aurais e'te aime [been loved, &c. 

II serai t aime II aurait e'te' aime' 

Nous serions aime's Nous aurions e'te aime's 

Vous seriez aime's Vous auriez ete aime's 

Hs seraient aime's. Hs auraient ete aime's. 

IMPERATIF. IMPERATIVE. 

(No 1st pers. sing. ) 

Sois aime', be (thou) loved 

Qu'il soit aime', let him be loved 

Soyons aime's, let us be loved 

Soyez aime's, be (you) loved 

Qu'ils soient aime's, let them be loved. 

SUBJONCTIF. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Present. Passe. Past 

Que je sois aimd, that I may be Que j'aie e'te' aime', that I may have 

Que tu sois aime [loved, &c. Que tu ais e'te' aime' [been loved, &c. 

Qu'il soit aime' Qu'il ait e'te aime' 

Que nous soyons aimes Que nous ayons e'te' aime's 

Que vous soyez aime's Que vous ayez e'te' aime's 

Qu'ils soient aime's. Qu'ils aient e'te' aime's. 

Imparfait. Imperfect Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 

Que je fusse aime', that I might be Quej'eusse e'te' aime', that I might 

loved, &c. have been loved, &c. 

Que tu fusses aime Que tu eusses e'te aime 

Qu'il fat aime Qu'il eut e'te aime' 

Que nous fussions aime's Que nous eussions ete aime' 

Que vous fussiez aime's Que vous eussiez e'te' aimes 

Qu'ils f assent aime's. Qu'ils eussent e'te' aime's. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



89 



INF I NIT IF. 

Present. Present. 
Etre aime' being loved. 

PARTICIPE. 

Present. Present. 
£tant aime' being loved. 



INFINITIVE. 

PassL Past. 
Avoir dtd aime', to have been loved. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past. 
Ayant die* aime, having been loved. 



Obsebvation. — In order to conjugate a verb passively it is only neces- 
sary to go through the auiliary etre, taking care to add to each person 
the past participle of the principal verb, and to make that participle 
agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb. 



■» » » 



MODEL OF SOME VEEBS 

WHOSE COMPOUND TENSES ARE FOKMED WITH ±TBE OR 

AVOIR, ACCORDING TO THE SIGNIFICATION. 



Rester, 



INDICATIF. 

Present. Present 
Je reste, I stay, &c. 
Tu restes 
II reste 
Nous restons 
Yous restez 
lis restent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Je restais, I used to stay, &c. 

Tu restais 

II restait 

Nous restions 

Vous restiez 

lis restaient. 

Passe Uefini. Past Definite. 
Je restai, I stayed, &c. 
Tu restas 
II resta 



To stay ? or remain. 

INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
Je suis reste, I have stayed, &c. 
Tu es reste 
II est reste 
Nous sommes restes 
Vous etes reste's 
Hs sont reste's. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 
J'etais reste', I had stayed, &c. 
Tu dtais reste 
II etait reste' 
Nous e'tions reste's 
Vous etiez reste's 
lis etaient reste's. 

Passe' Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Je fus reste', I had stayed, &c. 
Tu fus reste 
II fut reste' 



90 



THE FRENCH VEUB. 



Nous restames 
Vous restates 
Hs resterent. 

Futur. Future. 
Je resterai, I shall stay, &c. 
Tu resteras 
II restera 
Nous resterons 
Yous resterez 
Hs resteront. 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present. Present. 

Je resterais, I should stay, &c. 

Tu resterais 

II resterait 

Nous resterions 

Vous resteriez 

Hs resteraient. 



Nous fumes reste's 
Vous futes reste's 
lis furent reste's. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
Je serai reste, I shall have stayed, 
Tu seras reste' [&c. 

II sera reste 
Nous serous reste's 
Vous serez reste's 
lis serout restes. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 

Je serais reste, I should have stayed, 
Tu serais reste [&c. 

II serait reste 
Nous serions restes 
Vous seriez reste's 
Hs seraieut reste's. 



IMPEEATIF. IMPEKATIVE. 

{No 1st person sing.) 
Heste, stay (thou) 
Qu'il reste, let him stay 
Restons, let us stay 
Restez, stay (you) 
Qu'ils restent, let them stay. 



STJBJONCTIF. 

Present. Present 
Que je reste, that I may stay, &c. 
Que tu restes 
Qu'il reste 
Que nous restions 
Que vous restiez 
Qu'ils restent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Que je restasse, that I might stay, 

Que tu restasses [&c. 

Qu'ils restat 

Que nous restassions 

Que vous restassiez 

Qu'ils restassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present. Present 

Hester, to stay. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past. 
Que je sois restd, that I may have 
Que tu sois reste [stayed, &c. 

Qu'il soit reste' 
Que nous soyons reste's 
Que vous soyez reste's 
Qu'ils soient reste's. 

Plus -que-parf ait Pluperfect 

Que je fusse. reste', that I might have 

Que tu fusses reste [stayed, &e. 

Qu'il fut reste 

Que nous fussions restes 

Que vous fussiez reste's 

Qu'ils fussent reste's. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 

Etre reste, to have\stayed. 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



91 



PARTICIPE. 

Present. Present. 
Bestant, staying. 



PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past. 

Beste, etant reste, stayed, having 
stayed. 



Observation. — Although the foregoing and some other nenter verbs, 
such as arriver, cesser, decider, demeurer, entrer, empirer, monter, passer, 
grandir, descendre. etc., may take either Stre or avoir, (the former when 
a state, the latter when an action, is desired to be expressed,) we do not 
consider it necessary to devote space to the conjugation with avoir, inas- 
much as that would only be a needless repetition of the first regular con- 
jugation, already given. 



■» ♦ »» 



MODEL OP 

PRONOMINAL VERBS. 



Se Promener. 



To walk about. 



AFFIRMATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIF. 

Present. Present. 
Je me promene, I walk about, &c. 
Tu te promenes 
H se promene 
Nous nous promenons 
Vous vous promenez 
lis se promenent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Je me promenais, I used to walk 

about, &g. 
Tu te promenais 
H se promenait 
Nous nous promenions 
Vous vous promeniez 
lis se oromenaient. 

Passe Defird. Past Definite. 

Je me promenai, I walked about, 

&c. 



NEGATIVE FORM. 
INDICATIVE. 

Present. Present. 

Je ne me promene pas, I do not walk 

Tu ne te promenes pas 

II ne se promene pas 

Nous ne nous promenons pas 

Vous ne vous promenez pas 

Hs ne se promenent pas. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Je ne me promenais pas, I used not 

to walk about, &c. 
Tu ne te promenais pas 
II ne se promenait pas 
Nous ne nous promenions pas 
Vous ne vous promeniez pas 
Us ne se promenaient pas, 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 

Je ne me promenai pas, I did net 
walk about, &c. 



92 THE FRENCH YERB. 

Tu te promenas Tu ne te promenas \jzs 

II se promena II ne se promena pas 

Nous nous promenames Nous ne nous promenames pas 

Yous tous pronienates Vous ne vous promenates pas 

Us se promenerent. Us ne se promenerent pas. 

Futur. Future. Fatur. Future. 

Je me promenerai, I shall walk Je ne me promenerai pas, I shall not 

about, &c. walk about, &c. 

Tu te promeneras Tu ne te promeneras pas 

II se promenera II ne se promenera pas 

Nous nous promenerons Nous ne nous promenerons pas 

Yous vous promenerez Yous ne vous promenerez pas 

lis se promeneront. lis ne se promeneront pas. 

CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Present. Present. Present. Present. 

Je me promenerais, I should walk Je ne me promenerais pas, I should 

about, &c. not walk about, &c. 

Tu te promenerais Tu ne te prom enerais pas 

II se promenerait II ne se promenerait pas 

Nons nous promenerions Nous ne nous promenerions pas 

Yous vous promeneriez Yous ne vous promeneriez pas 

lis se promeneraient. Us ne se promeneraient pas. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

Je me suis promene, I have walked Je ne me suis pas promene, I have 

about, &c. not walked about, &c. 

Tu t'es promene Tu ne t'es pas promene 

II s'est promene II ne s'est promene 

Nous nous sommes promene's ^Nous nenous sommes pas proniene'3 

Yous vous etes promene's Yous ne vous etes pas promene's 

lis se sont promene's. Us ne se sont pas promene's. 

Plus que-parf ait. Pluperfect. Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect. 

Je m'e'tais promene', I had walked Je ne m'e'tais pas promene', I had 

about, &c. not walked about, &c. 

Tu t'e'tais promene Tu ne t'e'tais pas promene 

II s'e'tait promene II ne s'e'tait pas promene 

Nous nous e'tions promene's Nous ne nous e'tions pas promene's 

Yous vous e'tiez promenes Yous ne vous e'tiez pas promene's 

lis s'etaient promene's, Us ne s'etaient pas promene's 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Je me fus promene, I had walked Je ne me fus pas promene, I had not 

about, &c. walked about, &c. 

Tu te fus promene* Tu ne te fus pas promene 

II se fut promene' II ne se fut pas promene' 

Nous nous fumes promene's Nous ne nous fumes pas promene's 

Yous vous futes promenes Yous ne vous futes pas promene's 

lis se furent promene's Us ne se furent pas promene's. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



93 



Fatur Antkrieur. Future Anterior. 
Je me serai promene, I shall have 

walked about, &c. 
Tu te seras promene 
II se sera promene' 
Nous nous serons promene's 
Vous vous serez promene's 
lis se seront promene's. 

CONDITIONNEIi. 

Present. Present. 



Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
Je ne me serai pas promene', I shall 

not have walked about, <fcc. 
Tu ne te seras pas promene 
II ne se sera pas promene 
Nous ne nous serons pas promene's 
Yous ne vou? serez pas promene's 
Us ne se seront pas promene's. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Present. Present 



Je me serais promene', I should have Je ne me serais pas promene', I 



walked about, &c. 
Tu te serais promene' 
H se serait promene' 
Nous nous serions promene's 
Vous vous seriez promene's 
Us se seraient promene's. 

Second Passe. Second Past. 

Je mefusse promene'," I should have 

walked about, &c. 
Tu te fusses promene 
II se fut promene 
Nous nous fussions promene's 
Vous vous futes promene's 
lis se fussent promene's. 



should not have walked about, 
Tu ne te serais pas promene' [&c. 
II ne se serait pas promene' 
Nous ne nous serions pas promene's 
Vous ne vous seriez pas promene's 
Us ne se seraient pas promene's. 

Second Passe. Second Past. 
Je ne me fusse pas promene, I 

should not have walked about, 
Tu ne te fusses pas promene' [&e. 
II ne se fut pas promene 
Nous nenous fussions pas promene's 
Vous ne vous fussiez pas promenes 
Us se ne fussent pas promene's. 



IMPEEATIF. 



IMPERATIVE. 



[ (No 1st person sing.) 
Promene-toi, walk (thou) about 



Qu'il se promene, let him walk about 



Promenons-nous, let us walk about 
Promenez-vous, walk (you) about 
^ Qu'ils se promenent, let them walk about. 



IMPERATIF. IMPERATIVE. 

[(No 1st person sing.) 

j Ne te promene pas, do not (thou) walk about 
J Qu'il ne se promene pas, let him not walk about 
' Ne nous promenons pas, let us not walk about 
Ne vous promenez pas, do not (you) walk about 
Qu'ils ne se promenent pas, let them not walk about 



SUBJONCTIF. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Present Present Present 

Que je me promene, that I may Que je ne me promene pas, that I 



walk about, &c. 
Que tu te promenes 



may not walk about, &c. 
Que tu ne te promenes pas 



94 



THE FRENCH YERR. 



Qu'il se promene 
Que nous nous promenions 
Que vous vous promeniez 
Qu'ils se promenent. 

Imparfait Imperfect. 

Que je me promenasse, that I might 

walk about, &c. 
Que tu te promenasses 
Qu'il se promenat 
Que nous nous promenassions 
Que vous vous promenassiez 
Qu'ils se promenassent. 

Passe. Past. 
Que je me sois promene, that I may- 
have walked about, &c. 
Que tu te sois promene 
Qu'il se soit promene 
Que nous nous soyons promene's 

Que vous vous soyez promene's 

Qu'ils se soient promene's. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 
Que je me fusse promene', that I 
might have walked about, &c. 

Que tu te fusses promene 

Qu'il se fiit promene 

Que nous nous fussions promene's 

Que vous fussiez promene's 

Qu'ils se fussent promene's. 

INEINITIF. 

Present Present 
Se promener, to walk about. 



PABTICIPE. 

Present Present 
Se promenant, walking about. 



Qu'il ne se promene pas 
Que nous ne nous promenions pas 
Que vous ne vous promeniez pas 
Qu'ils ne se promenent pas. 

Imparfait Imperfect 
Que je ne me promenasse pas, that 

I might not walk about, &c. 
Que tu ne te promenasses pas 
Qu'il ne se promenat pas 
Que nous ne nous promenassions pas 
Que vous ne vous promenassiez 
Qu'ils ne se pram enassent pas. 

Passe. Past. 

Que je ne me sois pas promene, that 
I may not have walked about, 

Que tu ne te sois pas promene' [&c. 

Qu'il ne se soit pas promene 

Que nous ne nous soyons pas pro- 
mene's 

Que vous ne vous soyez pas pro- 
menes 

Qu'ils ne se soient pas promene's. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
Que je ne me fusse pas promene, 
that I might not have walked 
about, &c. 
Que tu ne te fusses pas promene 
Qu'il ne se tut pas promene 
Que nous ne nous fussions pas pro- 
mene's 
Que vous ne vous fussiez pas pro- 
menes 
Qu'ils ne se fussent pas promene's. 

INFINITIVE."" 

Present Present 

S'etre promene', to have walked 
about. 

PAETICIPLE. 

Present Present 

Promene, s'e'tant promene', walked 
about, having walked about. 



Observation — Were it not for the double pronoun in each person 
of pronominal verbs, the model conjugation just given might, without 
any inconvenience, have been dispensed with. But as foreigners re- 



THE FRENCH TEK 



95 



quire some practice in order to familiarize themselves with those forms, 
we have deemed it preferable to furnish the student with a complete 
model, in all the various forms. The affirmative and negative forms have 
just been gone through ; we shall next proceed to the interrogative and 
negative interrogative forms. 

But before entering upon the latter, a few words of explanation will 
perhaps not be out of place. 

It will be observed from the paradigms immediately preceding, that 
the only difficulty presented by the conjugation of pronominal verbs is 
the insertion of the second pronoun, between the first pronoun and the 
verb : in Je me promene, je is the subject of the verb, me, is the object or 
complement, and the literal meaning of the phrase is : I myself walk, or 
I walk myself about. From this it appears that Se promener is a reflec- 
tive verb, that is, one which expresses that the action performed by the 
a^ent or subject falls or reflects back upon that agent, as heretofore ex- 
plained. (See Index for Reflective Veebs. ) 



-4~++ 



MODEL OF PRONOMINAL VEEBS. 

( Continuation. ) 



Se promener, 

INTERROGATIVE FORItf. 

INDICATIF. 

Present. Present. 
Ert-ce que J3 me promene? do I 

walk about, &c. 
Te promenes tu ? 
Se promene-t-il ? 
Nous promenons-nous ? 
Vous promenez-vous ? 
Se promenent-ils? 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 
Me promenais-je? used I to walk 

about, &c. 
Te premenais-tu ? 
Se promenait-il ? 
Nous promenions-nous ? 
Yous promeniez-vous ? 
Se promenaient-ils ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Me promenai je ? did I walk about, 
&c 



To wall£ a/bout. 

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FOR^I. 
INDICATIVE. 

Present. Present. 

Est-ce que J3 na me promene pas, Do 

I not walk about, &c. 
Ne te promenes tu pas ? 
Ne se promenent-il pas ? 
Ne nous promenons-nous pas ? 
Ne vons promenez-vons pas ? 
Ne se promenent-ils pas ? 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 
Ne me promenais-je pas ? was I not 

walking about, &c. 
Ne te promenais-tu pas ? 
Ne se proruenait-il pas ? 
Ne nous promenions-nous pas ? 
Ne yous promeniez-vous pas ? 
Ne se promenaient-ils pas ? 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Ne me promenai-je pas? did I not 
walk about ? &c. 



THE FlifcNCH VERB. 



Te promenas-tu ? 
S3 promena-t-il ? 
Nous promenames-nous ? 
Vous promenates-vous? 
Se promenerent-ils ? 

Futur. Future. 



Ne te promenas-tu pas ? 

Ne se promena-t-il pas ? 

Ne nous promenames-nous pas ? 

Ne vous promenates-vous pas ? 

Ne se promenerent-ils pas ? 

.Fato. Future. 



Me promenerai-je? shall I walk Ne me promenerai-je pas? shall I 



about ? &c. 
Te promeneras-tu ? 
Se promenera-t-il ? 
Nous promenerons-nous ? 
Vous promenerez-vons ? 
Se promeneront-ils? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 



not walk about, &c. 
Ne te promeneras-tu pas ? 
Ne se promenera-t-il pas ? 
Ne nous promenerons-nous ? 
Ne vous promenerez-vous pas ? 
Ne se promeneront-ils pas ? 

CONDITIONAL. 

Present Pre e.it 



Me promenerais-je? should I walk Nome promenerais-je pas? should 

about, &c. I not walk about, &c. 

Te promenerais-tu ? Ne te promenerais-tu pas ? 

Se promenerait-il ? Ne se promenerait-il pas ? 

Nous prom enerions-nous ? Ne nous prom enerions-nous pas? 

Vous promeneriez-vous ? Ne vous promeneriez-vous pas ? 

Ss promeneraient-ils ? Ne se promeneraient-ils pas ? 

Passe IndSfini. Past Indefinite. Passe Indejini. Past Indefinite, 
Me suis-je promene? have I walked No me suis-je pas promene? have I 



about, &c. 
T'es-tu promene? 
S'est-il promene ? 
Nous sommes-nous promene's ? 

Vous etes-vous prom ends ? 
Se sont-ils promene's ? 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 



not walked about, &c 

Ne t'es-tu pas promene ? 
Ne s'est-il pas promene' ? 
Ne nous sommes-nous pas pro- 
mene's ? 
Ne vous etes-vous pas promenes ? 
Ne se sont-ils pas promene's ? 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 



M'e'taisje promene? had I walked Ne m'c'tais-je pas promene'? had I 



about ? &c. 
T'etais-tu promene ? 
S'e'tait-il promene' ? 
Nous ctions-nous promene's ? 
Vous e'tiez-vous promenes ? 
S'etaient-ils promenes? 

Passe Anlerieur. Past Anterior. 



not walked about, &c. 
No t'etais-tu pas promene' ? 
No s'etait-il pas promene ? 
Ne nous e'tions-nous pas promene's ? 
Ne vous etiez-vous pas promene's 
Ne s'e'taient-ils pas promenes ? 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 



Me fus-je promene ? had I walked Ne me fus-je pas promene'? had 

about? &c. not walked about? lZG. 

Te fus-tu promene' ? Ne te fus-tu pas promene' ? 

Se fut-il promene' ? '- Ne se fut-il pas promene' ? 

Nous funies-nous promenes ? Ne nous fumes-nous promene's ? 

Vous futes-vous proinene's ? Ne vous futes-vous pas promenes ? 

Se furent-ils promene's ? Ne se furent-ils pas promenes. 



THE FEENCH VERB. 



97 



Future Anterior. 
have 



Fatur Anterieur. 

Me serai-je promene ? shall I 

walked about ? &c. 
Te serais-tu promene'? 
Se sera-t-il promene? 
Nous serons-nous prom ends ? 
Vous serez-vous promenes ? 
Se seront-ils promene's ? 

CONDITIONNEL. 

Passe. Fast 

Me serais-je promene? should 

have walked about, &c. 
Te serais-tu promene ? 
Se serait-il promene? 
Nous serions-nous promenes ? 
Vous seriez-vous promenes ? 
Se seraient-ils promenes ? 



Fatur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
Ne me serai-je pas promene ? shall 

I not have walked about, &c. 
Ne te seras-tu pas promene ? 
Ne se sera-t-il pas promene? 
Ne nous serons-nous pas promenes ? 
Ne vous serez-vous pas promene's ? 
Ne se seront-ils pas promene's ? 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 

Ne me serais-pas promene'? should 

I not have walked about, <fcc. 
Ne te serais-tu pas promene' ? 
Ne se serait-il pas promene ? 
Ne nous serions-nous pas promene's ? 
Ne vous seriez-vous pas promene's ? 
Ne se seraient-ils pas promene's ? 



MODEL OF RECIPEOOAL VERBS. 



8'ecrire. 



To write to each, otlier 



INDICATIF. 



INDICATIVE. 



Present. Present Present. Present 

Nous nous ecrivons, we write to Nous nous sommes e'crit, we have 

each other, <fcc. written to each other, &c. 

Vous vous eerivez Vous vous etes e'crit 

lis s'e'crivent. Us se sont e'crit. 



Imparfait. Imperfect 



Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 



Nous nous e'crivions, we used to Nous nous dtions e'crit, we had 



write to each other, &c. 
Vous vous ecriviez 
Us s'e'crivaient. 



written to each other, &c. 
Vous vous e'tiez e'crit 
lis s'e'taient e'crit. 



Passe Defini. Past Definite. Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 

Nous nous ecrivimes, we write to Nous nous fumes e'crit, we had 

each other, &c. written to each other, &c. 

Vous vous e'crivites Vous vous fates e'crit 

lis s'e'erivirent Us se furent e'crit. 



98 THE FRENCH VERB. 

Futur. Future. Futur. Future. 

Nous nous ecrirons, we shall write Nous nous serons e'crit, we shall 
to each other, &c. have written to each other, &c. 

Yous vous e'crirez Vous vous serez e'crit 

lis s'e'criront. lis se seront e'crit. 

CONDITIONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Present Present. Passe. Past 

Nous nous e'cririons, we should Nous nous serions e'crit, we should 
write to each other, &c. have written to each other, &c. 

Vous vous ecririez Vous vous seriez e'crit 

lis ecriraient. lis se seraient ecrit. 

IMPEEATIF. IMPEBATIVE. 

Ecrivons-nous, let us write to each other 
Ecrivez-vous, write (you) to each other 
Qu'ils s'ecrivent, let them write to each other. 

SUBJONCTIF. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present Present Passe. Past 

Que nous nous e'crivions, that we Que nous nous soyons e'crit, that we 
may write to each other, &c. may have written to each other, 

Que vous vous e'criviez Que vous vous soyez ecrit [&c. 

Qu'ils s'dcrivent. Qu'ils se soient e'crit. 

Imparfait Imperfect Imparfait Imperfect 

Que nous nous ecrivissions, that we Que nous nous fussions ecrit, that 
might write to each other, &c. we might have written to each 

other, &c. 
Que vous vous e'crivissiez Que vous vous fussiez ecrit 

Qu'ils s'e'crivissent. Qu'ils se fussent e'crit. 

INFINITIF. INFINITIVE. 

Present Present Passe. Past 

S'e'crire, to write to each other. S'etre e'crit, to have written to each 

other. 

PAETICIPE. PABTICIPBE. 

Present Present Passe. Past 

S'e'crivant, writing to each other. S'etant ecrit, having written to each 

other. 



Obseevations. — Reciprocal verbs have only one number, the plural ; 
and the reason of this is evident, inasmuch as two persons at east are re- 
quired to perform the complete action expressed by a reciprocal verb. 
Verbs of this class, as well as those conjugated with but one pronoun, 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



99 



may have complements direct or indirect. In the phrase, nous nous 
ecrivons, for instance, the first nous is the subject, and the second nous 
is the complement, but it is also a complement indirect, because nous 
there means a nous, and the whole sentence is really equivalent to this 
other : nous ecrivons a nous, as is shown by the corresponding English 
sentence, ice write to each other. In the phrase lis se voient, se is a com- 
plement direct, because it signifies each other and not to each other : 
the English translation is they see each other. 



+ ♦ » 



VEEB JS'EJST ALLER, 
To go away. 



INDICATIF. 



INDICATIVE. 



Present Present Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 

Je m'en vais, I am going away, &c. Je m'en suis alle, I have gone away, 

Tu t'en vas Tu t'en es alle' [&c. 

II s'en va II s'en est alle 

Nous nous en allons Nous nous en sommes alles 

Vous vous en allez Vous vous en etes alle's 

Us s'en vont. lis s'en sont alle's 



Imparfa it Imperfe ct . 
Je m'en allais, I used to go away, 
Tu t'en allais [&c. 

II s'en allait 
Nous nous en-allions 
Vous vous en alliez 
lis s'en allaient. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
Je m'en allai, I went away, &c. 
Tu t'en alias 
II s'en alia 

Nous nous en allames 
Yous vous en allates 
lis s'en allerent. 

Fatur. Future. 

Je m'en irai, I shall go away, &c. 

Tu t'en iras 

II s'en ira 

Nous nous en irons 

Vous vous en irez 

Us s'en iront. 



Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 
Je m'en e'tais alle, I had gone away, 
Tu t'en etais alle [&c. 

Ii s'en e'tait alle 
Nous nous en etions alles 
Vous vous en e'tiez alles 
Us s'en e'taient alles. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
Je m'en fus alle', I had gone away, 
Tu t'en fus alle' [&c 

II s'en fut alle 
Nous nous en fumes alles 
Vous vous en futes alle's 
lis s'en furent alle's. 

Fatur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
Je m'en serai alle, I shall have gone 
Tu t'en seras alle [away, &c. 

U s'en sera alle' 
Nous nous en serons alle's 
Vous vous en serez alles 
Us s'en seront alle's. 



100 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



CONDITTONNEL. CONDITIONAL. 

Present. Present. Passe. Past. 

Je m'en irais, I should go away, &c. Je m'en serais alle', I should have 



Tu t'en irais 
II s'en irait 
Nous nous en irions 
Yous vous en iriez 
Us s'en iraient. 



Tu t'en serais alle [gone away, &c. 

H s'en serait alle 

Nous nous en serions alle's 

Vous vous en seriez alle's 

lis s'en seraient alles. 



IMPERATIF. IMPERATIVE. 

(No 1st person sing.) 
Va-t'en, go (thou) away 
Qu'il s'en aille, let him go away 
Allons-nous-en, let us go away 
Allez vous-en, go (you) away 
Qu'ils s'en aillent, let them go away. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present Present. 
Que je m'en aille, that I may go 
Que tu t'en ailles [away, &c. 

Qu'il s'en aille 
Que nous nous en allions 
Que vous vous en alliez 
Qu'ils s'en aillent. 

Imparfait. Imperfect. 

Que je m'en allasse, that I might 

go away, &c. 
Que tu t'en allasses 
Qu'il s'en allat 
Que nous nous en allassions 
Que vous vous en allassiez 
Qu'ils s'en allassent. 

INFINITIF. 

Present. Present 
S'en aller, to go away. 

PARTICIPE. 

Present. Present 
S'en allant, going away. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

• Passe. Past. 

Que je m'en sois alle, that I may have 
Que tu t'en sois alle [gone away,&c. 
Qu'il s'en soit alle' 
Que nous nous en soyons alle's 
Que vous vous en soyez alle's 
Qu'ils s'en soient alle's. 

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect 

Que je m'en fusse alle, that I might 

have gone away, &c. 
Que tu t'en fusses alle 
Qu'il s'en fut alle 
Que nous nous en fussions alles 
Que vous vous en fussiez alles 
Que ils s'en fussent alles. 

INFINITIVE. 

Passe. Past 
S'en etre alle', to have gone away. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Passe. Past 
S'en e'tant alle, having gone away. 



Observations. — This pronominal verb is conjugated in its simple 
tenses like Aller, (see this verb at the end of the book. ) Its compound 
tenses are formed with the help of itre, and the en, preceded by the re- 
flective pronoun se, me, nous or vous, must always come before the past 



THE FRENCH VERB. 101 

participle alle. There are some other verbs of the first conjugation which 
follow at times the model here given for s'en aller, as to the reflective 
pronoun .se, and en; the tense-endings of each verb are of course the 
same as those of the particular conjugation or model to which that verb 
may belong. In the first conjugation we have especially s'en retourner, 
s'en retirer, and perhaps one or two others. 



IMPORTANT OBSERVATION REGARDING THE IRREGULAR 

VERB ALLER. 

As the conjugation of this verb is given in the "Tableaux" of conjuga- 
tions at the end of this book, it would be a waste of space to give it 
here also ; but there is an important feature which distinguishes it from 
all others, and which, as it would be inconvenient to describe it in the 
tableaux referred to, we shall here explain. 

The verb aller has two forms of compound tenses : those of the first 
rm are composed of the tenses of etre and the past paiticiple of aller it- 
jlf ; those of the second, on the contrary, do not admit of any part of 
the verb aller, but are composed of the different tenses of avoir and the 
past participle of etre. For example, besides je suis alle, fetais alle, je 
fus alle, je serai alle, je serais alle, que je sois alle, que je fusse alle, we 
have/ai el'e, j'avais ete, j'eus ete, j'aurai ete,j'aurais ete, quej'aie ete, que 
j'eusse ete. When we desire to convey the idea that a person is gone or 
on the way to a place, we use the first form, and say : elle est allee, Us sont 
alles, etc. ; but when we wish to express that the person has come back 
from the place to which he had gone, we make use of the second form : 
fai ete, nous avions ete, etc. 



ON THE CONJUGATION OF UNIPERSONAL OB IMPER- 
SONAL. VERBS. 

Unipersonal verbs form a part of the four conjugations, as may be seen 
from the third person singular : il resulte, il s'agit, il pleut. Some of 
them form their compound tenses with the help of avoir: il a phi, il a 
tonne', it has rained, it has thundered ; others with etre : il est resulte, il 
est venu trois hommes, the result has been, three men have come. 

Thus we see that umpersonal verbs have no special conjugation of 
their own, and that the only peculiarity they present is the fact of hav- 
ing but one person in each tense. 

Unipersonal reciprocal verbs always place the reflective pronoun se 
before the auxiliary in the compound tenses : il s'est agi, and not il est 
s'agi. 



102 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



UNIPERSONAL YERB. 



Y avoir. 



There to toe. 



INDICATIF. 

Present Present 
II y a, there is, or there are. 

Imparfait. Imperfect 
II y avait, there was, or used to be. 

Passe Defini. Past Definite. 
II y eut, there was. 

Fatur. Future. 
H y aura, there will be. 

COKDITIONNEL. 

Present Present 
II y aurait, there would be. 



INDICATIVE. 

Passe Indefini. Past Indefinite. 
II y a eu, there has been. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect 
II y avait eu, there had been. 

Passe Anterieur. Past Anterior. 
II y eut eu, there had been. 

Futur Anterieur. Future Anterior. 
II y aura eu, there will have been. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Passe. Past. 
H y aurait eu, there would have been. 



IMPERATIF. IMPEBATIVE. 

Qu'il y ait, let there be. 



SUBJONCTIF. 

Present Present 
Qu'il y ait, that there may be. 

Imparfait Imperfect. 
Qu'il y eut, that there might be. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Passe. Past 
Qu'il ait eu, that there may have been. 

Plus-que-parfait Pluperfect. 

Qu'il y eut eu, that there might have 
been. 



Obsebvations. — The foregoing may serve as a model of all unipersonal 
verbs, its only peculiarity being the presence of the y in all its tenses. 

In the interrogative form of y avoir, the y is always placed first ; in 
the negative form, the il comes first, then the negative and the y ; as : il 
rfy a pas, there is not ; in the negative interrogative form the negative 
comes first, and the y next ; thus, n'y a-t-il pas ? rty avait-il pas en ? is 
there not? has there not been? 

When it is necessary to use en with y avoir, the en follows • in all cases 
the y, whatever be the form of the sentence, affirmative or negative, in- 
terrogative or negative interrogative : il y en a, il n'y en avait pas, y en 
aura-t-il ? n'y en aurait-il pas ? there is some, there was none, will there 
be some ? would there not be some ? 



PART SECOND 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



FRENCH VEBBS. 



N. B. — In this Dictionary will be found the whole of the 
irregular verbs in the French language, and also all those 
which, while they cannot properly be classed amongst 
the former, present, notwithstanding, some difficulties or 
peculiarities. 

All verbs not contained herein are entirely regular. Verbs 
exclusively used in the arts and sciences have been omitted. 

Each verb is accompanied by a reference, either to the 
Tableaux at the end of the book, or to the conjugations given 
in Part First : the Koman numbers refer to the Tableaux, 
and the Arabic figures to the particular verb in each tableau 
which is meant to serve as model for the conjugation of the 
verb in the dictionary ; while a verb in Italics, followed by a 
number, refers to a particular page and conjugation in Part 
First. 



ABCEDEK, Observations, 83, to 

form an abscess. 
ABOYER, Payer, 85, to bark, bay, 

yelp. 

Ex.: Tous ses creanciers aboient apres, 
mi, — be is dunned by all bis creditors. 
ABREGER, Arranger, 11, and Ob- 
servations, 11, to abridge, abbre- 
viate, shorten, epitomize, cut 
short. 

Ex. : Vous etes trop long, abregez, — you 
are too lengtby, be more succinct. 

ABROGER, Arranger, 77, and Ob- 



servations, 77, to abrogate, annul, 
repeal, make void, set aside. 

ABSOUDRE, I, 1, to absolve, ac- 
quit, discharge, clear, justify, give 
absolution. 

s'ABSTENIR, X, 68, to abstain, 
refrain, forbear, keep one's self. 

ABSTRAIRE, X, 69, to abstract. 

ACCEDER, Observations, 89, to ac- 
cede, agree. 

ACCELfiRER, Reveler, 71, to ac- 
celerate, forward, hasten. 



104 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



ACCOUKIK, II, 12, to run, hasten, 
flock together. 

ACCROIRE, II, 14, to make be- 
lieve. 
Ex. ; II n'est pas homme a qui Ton en 

puisse faire accroire> — Be is not one that 

can be put upon. 

S'en faire acceoiee, to be self 

conceited. (This latter form is 

conjugated Jike s'en alter, page 99, 

the word accroire never changing 

throughout the conjugation : Je 

m'en fais accroire, tu fen fais ac- 
croire, etc.) 

ACCROITRE, III, 15, to increase, 
enlarge, amplify, augment, add 
to. 

ACCUEILLIR, III, 16, to receive, 
make welcome, entertain, honor, 
seize. 

ACHETER, Observations, page 75, 
to buy, purchase. 

ACHEVER, Lever, page 81, to fin- 
ish, close, end, conclude, termi- 
nate^ go through with. 

ACQUERIR, I, 2, to acquire, pur- 
chase. 

ADHERER, Observations, page 77, 
to adhere; cling, hold, cleave, 
stick. 

ADJOINDRE, Y, 32, to associate, 
give as an assistant, join. 

ADJUGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
adjudge, adjudicate, award. 

ADMETTRE, Y, 35, to admit, al- 
low, grant, receive. 

ADMONETER, Completer, page 75, 
to admonish. 

ADULTERER, Observations, page 
77, to adulterate, commit adul- 
tery. 

ADYENIR, XI, 74. (See Avenie.) 

AERER, Arranger, page 77, to air, 
ventilate. 

AFFLIGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to afflict. 

AFFOURAGER^rrar^er, page 77, 
to give feed, fodder. 

AFFRETER, Completer, page 75, 
to freight. 

AGACER, Placer, page 79, to set 



the teeth on edge, rally, set one's 

cap at, tease. 
AGENCER, Placer, page 79, to fit 

up, set off to advantage, set in 

order. 
s'AGIR DE, to be the matter. 

(This form is impersonal, and is 

conjugated as follows : II s'agit, 

il s'agissait, il s'agit, il sagira, il 

s'agirait, quHl s'agisse, qu'il s'agil. ) 
AGNELER, to yean. 

(This verb does not double the 
I before an e mute ; it is conjugated 
like lever, page 81, and takes a grave 
accent on the e preceding the ?, 
whenever the latter is immediately 
followed by an e mute. It is used 
only in the third person of both 
numbers : elle agnele. elles agnelent) 
AIGUAYER, Payer, 85, to soak and 

wash in water, to rinse. 
Ex. : Aiguayer du linge, — to rinse linen. 
Aiguayer un cheval, — to walk a horse in 
the water up to his belly, both to wash 
and cool him. 

ALESER, Reveler, 71, to bore (as a 

cannon). 
ALIENER, Beveler, 71, to alienate, 

to part with, to estrange, to dis- 

affect. 
ALLECHER, Beveler, to allure, en- 
tice, bait. 

(See Observations, page 77.) 
ALLEGER, Arranger, 77, to lighten, 

ease, disburden, assuage (as pain.) 

(This verb, like all others in eger, 
does not change the acute accent 
into a grave accent in any case. Ob- 
servations, page 77.) 
ALLER, I, 3, to go, be going, be 

in motion, move. 

(This verb makes je vais or je vas 
at the first person singular of the 
present indicative ; but the first 
form only is now used, save in very 
familiar language. ) 

The past definite of the verb 
etre is very often used instead of 
the past definite of oiler; some 
people say, for instance : je fus le 
trouver, il fid Vavertir, while j'allai 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



10, 



le trouver, il alia Vavertir are alone 
correct. Corneille, in his tragedy 
Pompee, has said : It fut jusques 
a Rome implorer le senat. Voltaire, 
however, in his Remarques sur Gln- 
na, says : "II fat implorer was an 
allowable license in former days ; 
many persons still say : je fas le 
voir, jefas luiparler; but this form 
oi speech is incorrect for the reason 
that we say in the present tense : je 
vais le voir, je vais lui parler, and 
hence we must say in the past defi- 
nite ifallaile voir, fallal lui parler." 
This is also the opinion of all gram- 
marians. 

The second person singular of 
the imperative of oiler is written 
without an s ; but when va is fol- 
lowed by the particle y, it takes an 
s, for the sake of euphony : vas-y. 
If, however, that particle be fol- 
lowed by an infinitive, the s must 
be omitted : va y mettre Vordre. 
The same rule is followed in case 
the particle en be used : va en 
chercher, va en arreter le cours. 
The s is likewise supjDressed if the 
en is a preposition : va en Italie. 

Eire alle, avoir ete. (See Impor- 
tant Observation Regarding the 
Irregular verb Aller, page 101). 

S'en aller, page 99, to go away. 

Je vais mourir, je m'en vais 
mourir. These two expressions 
are equally correct ; but the latter 
form marks reference to time or 
place : when to place, the particle 
en is for de ce lieu ; when referring 
to time, it means : d'd present, de 
ce moment. 

En aller can never be used with- 
out the personal pronoun se ; thus, 
such constructions as: cette eau fait 
en aller les rongeurs, are only tole- 
rated in familiar conversation ; the 
proper expression is : cette eau fail 
passer les rongeurs. Say : laissez-le 
aller, or laissez-le s'en aller, and 
never laissez le en aller. 



Va-t'en, and never va-t-en, is cor- 
rect. The t is not euphonic ; it is 
an elision of the pronoun te, as is 
shown by the apostrophe. ) 
ALLONGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
lengthen, elongate, eke out, draw 
out, rnece out, spin out. 
ALTERER, Reveler, page 71, to 
alter, change, impair, make thirs- 
ty, falsify. 
AMORCER, Placer, page 79, to 
bait, prime, allure, entice, decoy, 
inveigle. 
ANNELER, Appeler, page 69, to curl 
(as the hair) ; to ring (as a mare). 
ANNONCER, Placer, page 79, to 

announce, inform, declare. 
s'annoncer bien, — to be promis- 
ing. 
ANNULER, Appeler, page 69, to 
annul, disannul, make void, 
cancel. ■ 
APITOYER, Payer, page 85, to 

move to pity. 
s'apitoyer sur les malheurs de 
quelqu'un, — to pity one's misfor- 
tunes. 
APOSTASIER, Plier, page 83, to 

apostatize. 
APPARIER, Plier, page 83, to pair, 

to sort, to match. 
APPAROIR, to appear, be evident. 
No longer used save imperson- 
ally, in the infinitive, preceded by 
faire: il fait apparoir de son bon 
droit, he clearly shows his good 
right ; and in the present indica- 
tive : comme il apert par un tel 
acte, as it appears by such an act. 
APPARTENIR, X, 63, to apper- 
tain. 

Ex. : A qui il appartiendra, — to whom it 
may concern. 

APPELER, page 69, to call, name, 
title, term. 

Ex. : J'en appelle a votre honneur, — I 
appeal to your honor. 

Ceux qui s'appellent les gens comme il 
faut, — those who call themselves respec- 
table people. 

Comment s'appelle-t-il ? — what is his 
name? 



106 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



APPETEB, Completer, page 75, to 

desire, crave for. 
APPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to learn, 

teach, apprize of, acquaint with. 
APPROPRIER, Filer, page 83, to 

adopt, tit, suit, accomodate, 

clean, clean up. 
APPUYER, Payer, page 85, to prop 

up, stay, shore, support, hold 

up ; to lean, lean upon. 

Ex. : Appuyez un peu a droite, — move a 
little to the right, 
s' appuyer sur un baton, to lean 

on a stick. 
appuyez-vous sur moi, lean on me. 
ARRANGER, page 77, to arrange, 

set in order, range, dispose, suit. 

Ex. : Arrangez-Yous, — settle it amo g 
you. 
ARRERAGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to get in arrears. 
ARRIERER, Reveler, page 71, to 

put back, defer, throw behind 

hand. 

Ex. : L'infanterie s'arriera, — the in- 
fantry staid behind. 
s'ARROGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to arrogate to one's self, claim 

vainly, take to one's self. 
ASPERGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to sprinkle (as with holy water). 
ASSAILIR, X, 70, to assail, assault, 

set upon, attack, fall upon. 
ASSENER, Reveler, 71, to strike 

with violence, strike home. 
ASSENTIR, IX, 59, to assent. 

(Nearly Obsolete.) 
ASSEOIR, I, 4, to set, set or put 

(on a seat). 

Ex. : Asseoir les fondements d'une 
maison sur un roc,— to lay the foundation 
of a house upon a rock. 
s'asseoib, to sit down. 
ASSERVIR, IX, 61, to enslave, re- 
duce to servitude, bring into 

bondage. 

Ex. : II voudrait m' asservir a tous ses 
caprices, — he would subject me to all his 
caprices. 

ASSIEGER, Reveler, page 71, and 
arranger, page 77, to besiege, lay 
seige to, beset. 
(See Observations, page 77.) 



ASSOCIER, Pller, page 83, to 

admit, receive or take as a 

partner, to make one's partner. 

Ex : Je veux m'assoeier a tous vos 
perils. — I will participate in all your 
dangers. 
ASTREXNDRE, X, 67, to subject, 

bind down, confine. 
ATERMOYER, Payer, page 85, to 

put off, delay (a jDayment). 
ATTEINDRE, X, 67, to touch, 

strike, hit, reach, affect, arrive at, 

attain, overtake, catch. 
ATTELER, appeler, page 69, to put 

horses to (as a coach). 
ATTENDRE, Entendre, page 65, to 

await, stay for, expect. 

Ex. : Sattendre a quelqu'un. — to rely, 
depend, count upon, trust, trust to some 
ona. 

Je m'attends bien qu'ille fera, — I twist 
he will do it. 

Ne vous att?ndez pas que je vienne de- 
main, — do not expect me to-morrow. 

ATERER, Reveler, page 71, or 
Aterree, Marcher, 53, to strike to 
the earth or ground, overthrow, 
demolish, ruin, make land. (In 
this last acceptation, it is neuter. ) 

AVALER, to swallow. 

(This verb, like all those in aler, 

does not double the I before a 

mute e.) 

AVANCER, Placer, page 79, to ad- 
vance, put forward. 
Ex. : Avancez cette table vers moi, 

— bring that table nearer to me. 
Avancez done. — keep on, come on. 
Je me suis avance de lui offrir telle 

chose de votre part — I went so lar as to 

make such offers in your name. 

AVANTAGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to give or allow an advantage, be- 
stow an advantage upon, favor. 

AVEINDRE, X, 67, to take or 
fetch out, reach down. 
(Familiar style. ) 

AVENIR, XI, 74, to befall, fall out, 
come to pass, happen. 
(Sometimes also written Ad- 

venir. ) 
Ex. : Advienne que pourra, come what 

will. 

AVERER, Reveler, page 71, to 




THE FRENCH VERB. 



107 



aver, establish by evidence, 

evince ; to make certain of a 

fact, assure one's self of its truth. 
AVOIR, page 41, to have. 

Ex. : On lie lais-ait pas d 'avoir leur 
fideliie pour suspec.e, — yet fur all that, 
their fidelity uas suspected. 
avoir eaison, to be right. 
avoir toet, to be wrong. 
avoir honte, to be ashamed. 
avoir soimmeil, to be sleepy. 
avoir soif, to be thirsty. 
avoir faim, to be hungry. 
avoir chaud, to be warm. 
avoir eroid, to be cold. 

Quel age a-t-il ? — what age is he ? 
Y avoir, there to be. (Page 102.) 

Y a-t-il longtemps que vous etes 
ici ? — have you been long here ? 

II y a une heure que je vous 
appelle, — I have been calling you 
this hour past. 

II y a 120 liens de Paris a Londres, 
— it is 120 leagues from Paris to 
London. 

Vous avez bien peur que je ne 
change d'avis, — you are very much 
afraid I will change my mind. 

II y aura un an que je suis ici, 
— I shall have been here a year. 



B. 



BALANCER, Placer, page 79, to 
balance, brandish, poise, weigh, 
hesitate, waver, fluctuate, demur. 

BALAYER, Payer, page 85, to 
sweep. 

BALBUTIER, Plier, page 83, to 
lisp, stammer. 
Ex. : La cod fusion le fit rougir et bal- 
buties — confusion made him blush and 

stammer. 

BAYER (and not BEYER), Payer, 
85, to gape, hanker after. 

Ex. : Bayer aux corneiiles, — to stand 

gaping in the air, 

BEATIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 

beatify. 
BECHER, Beveler, page 71, to dig. 



BECQUETER, Jeter, page 73, to 
peck. 

Se BECQUETER, to bill. 

BEGAYER, Payer, page 85, to 

stammer. 
BELER, verbs in Bier, page 73, to 

bleat. 
BERCER, Placer, page 79, to rock, 

lull asleep. 

Ex. : II se berce des plus brillantes chi- 
meres.— he flatters his fancy with the most 
splendid chimeras. 
BILLETER, Jeter, page 73, to 

label. 

(Little used now : etiqueter is the 
usual term.) 
BOXIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 

better, improve, ameliorate, 

make up (as a deficiency). 
BONNETER, Jeter, page 73, to 

cringe to ; to cap fas a rocket"). 
BORNOYER, Pager, page 85, to 

look over or along a surface with 

one eye. 
BOSSELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

emboss, enchase, chase. 
BOTTELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

put up (hay) in bottles or bun- 
dles ; to tie up asparagus in 

bunches. 
BOUGER, Arranqer, page 77, to 

stir, budge, wag. 
BOUILLIR, I, 7, to boil. 
BOULANGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to knead or make (as bread). 
BOURRELER, to torment, sting, 

torture. 

(This verb does not double the I 
when the latter is immediately fol- 
lowed bv an e mute : it doubles the I. ) 
BRAIRE, II, 8, to bray. 
BREVETER, Jeter, page 73, to 

give a patent, a warrant, a com- 
mission. 
BRIQUETER, Jeter, page 73, t 

imitate brickwork ; to bui 

with bricks. 
BROUIR, to parch, blast, blight, 

burn up (as the sun). 
(This verb is regular, but defec- 
tive, being conjugated in the third 



108 



THE FRENCH YERB. 



persons singular and plural only. 

It takes a diaresis [ • •] over the i 

throughout.) 

BRUIRE, II, 9, to rustle, rattle, 

roar. 

Ex. : Eos flots bruyaient, — the billows 
routed. 

(This verb is irregular and de- 
fective ; it is used only in the in- 
finitive, the third person singular 
present, and third persons sing, 
and plural of the imperfect indica- 
tive. 

Bernardine de Saint-Pierre has 
said : Les insectes bruissaient sous 
I'herbe ; but that form is incorrect 
and not to be imitated. "I 



c. 



CACHETER, Jeter, page 73, to 

seal, seal up. 
CADENCER, Placer, page 79, to 

give a cadence to ; to harmonize 

one's periods. 
CANNELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

flute, channel. 
CAQUETER, Jeter, page 73, to 

cackle, chatter, babble. 
CARENER, Observations, page 77, 

to careen. 
CARRELER, Appder, page 69, to 

pave a floor with square tiles, 

bricks or stones ; to cobble shoes. 
CARTAYER, Payer, page 85, to 

quarter (avoid ruts on the road). 
CEDER, Observations, page 77, to 

give up, yield. 

Ex. : Ceder sa place a un autre, — to 
give up one's place or seat to another. 

Ceder le pas a quelqu'un, — to give the 
precedence to any one. 

II a cede son fonds, — he has sold out 
his business. 

Ceder une dette, unbail, etc., — to make 
over a debt, a lease , etc. 

Cette poutre ne tardera pas a ceder. — 
that beam will give way before long 

II faut ceder a nos superieurs, — we 
must give in , or submit to our superiors. 

II lui cede en merite. — he is his inferior 
in point of merit. 

CEINDRE, X, 67, to surround, 



enclose, encompass, fence ; to 

gird, bind, encircle, wreath (the 

brow). 

Ex. : La victoire lui a ceint le front de 
lauriers . — victory has wreathed his brow 
with laurels. 

CELEBRER, Observations, page 

77, to celebrate, record ; to cele- 
brate, officiate. 
CELER, Observations, page 77, to 

conceal, keep close or secret. 

Ex. : C'estunhomme que ne peutrien 
celer, he is a man who can keep nothiDg. 

Se faiue celer, to be out, (order the 
servant to say one is out when one does 
not wish to receive visitors. ) 
CHANCELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

reel, stagger, totter, rock, falter 

trip, waver, be unsteady. 

Ex. : Sa fortune chancelle, — his fortune 
is in a precarious condition. 
CHANGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

change, exchange, barter, to 

change, alter, shift. 
CHARGER. Arranger, page 77, to 

charge, load, burthen, saddle, 

lade, freight. 

Ex. : Quoique je ne sois charge d'au- 
cune affaire importante, je suis cependant 
dans une occupation conitinuelle, — though 
I have no important affairs upon my 
hands, yet I am continually employed. 

Ceux dont nous sommes charges, — 
those directly under cur care. 

II ne faut pas trop charger la memoire 
des enfants — one must not overload young 
people's memories. 

Tu sauras que la religion chretienno 
est chargee d'une infinite de pratiques 
ti-es-dimciles. — you must know that the 
Christian religion is encumbered with 
many very difficult practices. 

Charger quelqu'un d'injures — to rail at 
any body, to overwhelm him with insults. 

Fort ou faible, il charge tou jours 
1'ennemi, — strong or weak, he always 
attacks the enemy. 

Les caracteres que fait cet auteur sont 
trop charges. — that author's characters 
are overdrawn, 

Un navire charge pour l'etranger, an 
outward bound vessel. 
CHARROYER, Payer, page 85, to 

cart, carry. 
CHATOYER, Payer, page 85, to 

change color according to the 

different aspects. 
CHOIR, to fall. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



109 



(This verb is now used in the in- 
finitive present and the past par- 
ticiple only, and has in poetry 
alone its proper signification : in 
prose it is very familiar and wag- 
gish.) 

CHOYEK, Payer, page 85, to take 
great care of, be fond of, pamper, 
fondle, make much of. 

Ex. : S'il ne se choie il retombera, — if 
he does not take care of himself he will 
relapse. 
CIRCONCIKE, to circumcise. 

(This verb is irregular, and, ac- 
cording to the best authorities, de- 
fective. Inasmuch as no other verb \ 
in the language is conjugated ex- 
actly like it, for the greater conve- 
nience of the pupil, we have omit- 
ted Circoncire in the tableaux of ir- 
regular verbs at the end of the 
book, and shall now give it at full 
length : 

Ind. Present Je circoncis, tu 
circoncis, il circoncit, nous circon- 
cisons, vous circoncisez, ils circon- 
cisent. 

Imparf Je circoncisais, tu cir- 
concisais, il circoncisait, nous cir- 
concisions, vous circoncisiez, ils 
circoncisaient. 

Passe Def. Je circoncis, tu cir- 
concis, il circoncit, nous circon- 
cimes, vous circoncites, ils circon- 
cirent. 

Futur. Je circoncirai, tu circon- 
ciras, il circoncira, nous circonci- 
rons, vous circoncirez, ils circon- 
ciront. 

Passe Indef J'ai circoncis, tu as 
circoncis, il a circoncis, nous avons 
circoncis, vous avez circoncis, ils 
ont circoncis. 

Plus-que-parf. J'avais circoncis, 
tu avais circoncis, il avait circon- 
cis, nous avions circoncis, vous aviez 
circoncis, ils avaient circoncis. 

Passe Aider. J'eus circoncis, tu 
eus circoncis, il eut circoncis, nous 
eumes circoncis, vous eutes circon- 
cis, ils eurent circoncis. 



Condition. Present. Je circon- 
cirais, tu circoncirais, il circonci- 
rait, nous circoncirions, vous cir- 
conciriez, ils circonciraient. 

Passe. J'aurais circoncis, tu au- 
rais circoncis, il aurait circoncis, 
nous aurions circoncis, vous auriez 
circoncis, ils auraient circoncis. 

Second Passe. J'eusse circoncis, 
tu eusses circoncis, il eut circoncis, 
nous eussions circoncis, vous eus- 
siez circoncis, ils eussent circoncis, 

Imperat Circoncis, qu'il circon- 
cise,circoncisons, circoncisez, qu'ils 
circoncisent. 

Subj. Present. Que je circoncise, 
que tu circoncises, qu'il circoncise, 
que nous circoncisions, que vous 
circoncisiez, qu'ils circoncisent. 

Imparf. Que je circoncisse, que 
tu circoncisses, qu'il circoncit, que 
nous circoncissions, que vous cir- 
concissiez, qu'ils circoncissent. 

Passe. Que j'aie circoncis, que 
tu aies circoncis, qu'il ait circoncis, 
que nous ayons circoncis, que vous 
ayez circoncis, qu'ils aient circon- 
cis. 

Plus-que-parf. Que j'eusse cir- 
concis, que tu eusses . circoncis, 
qu'il eut circoncis, que nous eus- 
sions circoncis, que vous eussiez 
circoncis, qu'ils eussent circoncis. 

Infixitif Present. Circoncire. 

Passe. Avoir circoncis. 

Pahticipe Present. Circoncisant. 

Passe. Circoncis, circoncise. cir- 
concis, circoncises, ayant circon- 
cis, etc. 

" Good taste," says Levizac, 
"should proscribe such inharmo- 
nious forms as the imperfect indi- 
cative and imperfect subjunctive of 
this verb, as also the present parti- 
ciple." As these tenses are in use, 
however, the verb has been conju- 
gated complete. 

CIKCONSCRIRE, IV, 23, to cir- 
cumscribe, encircle, enclose with 
a line. 



110 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Ex. : Circonscrire line figure a, un cer- 
cle, — to inscribe a figure in a circle. 
CIRCGNVENIR, XI, 74, to cir- 
cumvent, delude, deceive, over- 
reach, cozen, impose upon. 
CISELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

chase, carve (as metal.) 
CLIQUETER, Jeter, page 73. to 

clack, clang, click. 
CLORE, II, 10. to close, shut, shut 
up, stop. 

Ex. : Je n'ai pu clore l'ceil de toute la 

nuit, — I could not sleep a wiuk all night. 

Clore un comte, un marche, une affaire, 

une assembled, — to close an account, a 

bargain, an affair, an assembly. 

Clore un jardin. — to enclose a garden 
(as with a hedge, etc.) 

(In general fermer is preferable in the 
sense of to shut.) 

COI/LETER, Jeter, page 73, to col- 
lar one, take him by the neck. 
Ex. : Le dogue colleta le loup, — the dog 
collared the wolf. 

COMMENCER, Placer, page 79, to 
commence, begin, begin with, 
imitate, teach the first rudiments. 
Ex.: N'a pas fait qui commence, — be- 
ginning is not ending. 

II commence deja a faire jour, — it is 
already beginning to dawn. 

(Some lexicographers establish a 
difference between commencer a and 
commencer de. According to them, 
commencer a expresses an action to 
be marked by progress, and suc- 
cessive developments as perfection 
is approached, while commencer de 
expresses the idea that a thing be- 
gins for that time, and in the exer- 
cise of which the agent is already 
practised : un orateur commence de 
parler, when he begins his speech ; 
un enfant commence a parler when 
he makes his first attempt at utter- 
ing articulate sounds. ) 
COMMERCER, Placer, page 79, to 

traffic, trade, drive a trade. 
COMMETTRE, V, 35, to commit, 
perpetrate. 

Ex. : II a ete commis pour rapporteur, 
— he has been appointed reporter. 

J'avais commis cela a votre soin, — I had 
committed that to your charge. 



entrusted you with it. 
Commettre sa reputation, — to expose 

one's reputation. 
Commettre deux personn^s Tune aveo 

1' autre . — to set two persons at va riance. • 
Ne vous commettez pas avec cet homme- 

la,, — do not expose yourself with that man. 

COMPARAITRE, VII, 45, to ap- 
pear. 
Ex. : Comparaitre devant le tribunal de 

Dieu, — to appear before the tribunal of 

God. 

COMPAROIR, to appear, make 
one's appearance in a court of 
justice. 
Ex. : Recevoir une assignation a, com- 

parior, — to receive a summons to appear. 
(This verb is used only in the in- 
finitive. ) 

COMPLAIRE, VII, 46, to humor, 
please. 
Ex. : Je n'ai fait cela que pour lui com- 

plaire, — I did that only to humor htm. 

COMPLETER, page 75, to com- 
plete, perfect. 

COMPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to com- 
prehend, comprise, embrace, un- 

r\ ovot n, n d 

COMPROMETTRE, V, 35, to com- 
promise, put to arbitration, con- 
sent to a reference. 
Ex. : lis ont compromis toutes leurs 
affaires entre les mains d'un tel, — they 
put all their affairs to the arbitration of 
such a one. 

Je ne vous compromettrai pas, — I will 
not commit you. 

II s'est bien comprom's dans cette af- 
faire, — he has fairly compromised, or 
committed, himself in that business. 
CONCEDER, Observations, page 

77, to concede, grant. 
CONCEVOIR, to conceive. 

(This is a regular verb of the 
third conjugation, and has been 
put here merely to call the pupil's 
attention to the fact that the c takes 
a cedilla (c) wherever it is imme- 
diately followed by an o or a u : Je 
congois, tu as concu. ) 
CONCLURE, to conclude, finish, 
infer. 

(This verb is irregular. Here 
follows its conjugation) : 




THE FEENCH VEKB. 



Ill 



Ind. present Je conclus, tu con- 
clus, il conclut, nous concluons, 
vous concluez, ils concluent. 

Imparf. Je concluais, tu con- 
cluais,il concluait,nous concluions, 
yous concluiez, ils concluaient. 

Passe Def. Je conclus, tu con- 
clus, il conclut, nous conclumes, 
vous concliites, ils conclurent. 

Fatur. Je conclurai, tu conclu- 
ras, il conclura, nous conclurons, 
vous conclurez, ils concluront. 

Passe Indef. J'ai conclu, tu as 
conclu, il a conclu, nous avons 
-onclu, vous avez conclu, ils ont 
jnclu. 

Plus-que-parf. J'avais conclu, tu 
avais conclu, il avait conclu, nous 
avions conclu, vous aviez conclu, 
ils avaient conclu. 

Passe Ant. J'eus conclu, tu eus 
conclu, il eut conclu, nous eumes 
conclu, vous eutes conclu, ils eurent 
conclu. 

Condit. Present Je conclurais, 
tu conclurais, il conclurait, nous 
conclurions, vous concluriez, ils 
concluraient. 

Passe. J'aurais conclu, tu aurais 
conclu, il aurait conclu, nous au- 
rions conclu, vous auriez conclu, 
ils auraient conclu. 

Second Passe. J'eusse conclu, 
tu eusses conclu, il eut conclu, 
nous eussions conclu, vous eussiez 
conclu, ils eussent conclu. 

Imperatif. Conclus, qu'il con- 
clue, concluons, concluez, qu'ils 
concluent. 

Subj. Present. Que je conclue, 
que tu conchies, qu'il conclue, que 
nous concluions, que vous con- 
clusiez, qu'ils concluent. 

Imparf. Que je conclusse, que 
tu conclusses, qu'il conclut, que 
nous conclussions, que vous con- 
clussiez, qu'ils conclussent. 

Passe. Que j'aie conclu, que tu 
aies conclu, qu'il ait conclu, que 
nous ayons conclu, que vous avez 
conclu, qu'ils aient conclu. 



Plus-que-parf. Que j'eusse con- 
clu, que tu eusses conclu, qu'il eut 
conclu, que nous eussions conclu, 
que vous eussiez conclu, qu'ils eus- 
sent conclu. 

Infinitif Present Conclure. 

Passe. Avoir conclu. 

Participe Present. Concluant. 

Passe. Conclu, conclue, ayant 
conclu. 
CONCOURIR, II, 12, to concur, 

conspire, contribute, compete. 
CONDUIRE, XII, 82, to conduct, 

lead, guide, convey, carry, bring, 

take. 
CONFEDERER, Observations, page 

77, to confederate, unite in con- 
federacy- 
CONFERER, Observations, page 77, 

to confer, compare, collate, con- 
fer with. 
CONFIRE, to preserve, pickle. 

(This verb is conjugated as fol- 
lows : 

Ind. Pres. Je conns, tu conns, il 
confit, nous confisons, vous con- 
fisez, ils connsent. 

Imparf. Je confisais, etc. 

Passe Def. Je conns, etc. 

Fatur. Je confirai, etc. 

Cond. Pres. Je confirais, etc. 

Impeeat. Pres. Conns, qu'il 
confise, confisons, confisez, qu'ils 
confisent. 

Subj. Pres. Que je confise, etc. 

Imparf. Que je confisse, que tu 
confisses, qu'il coniit, etc. 

Infinitif Pres. Confire. 

Passe. Avoir confit. 

Participe Pres. Confisant. 

Passe. Confit, confite.; ayant 
confit. 

It has been considered unneces- 
sary to give the compound tenses 
in this place, as their formation 
presents no difficulty whatever. 

The past participles confit confite, 
are used in familiar style and in a 
figurative sense to express some 
strongly marked quality or defect 
in a person ; as : Confit en delation, 



112 



THE FRENCH YERB. 



extremely devout. Confit en malice, 

arch. ) 

CONGELER, Observations, page 
83, to congeal. 
(This verb does not double the I, 

but it takes a grave accent on the 

e preceding the I wherever it is im- 
mediately followed by an e mute. ) 

CONGLOMERER, Observations. 
page 77, to conglomerate. 

CONJOINDRE, V, 32, to conjoin, 
join together. 

CONNAITRE, VII, 45, to know, 
be acquainted with. 
Ex. : Ce nom ne in'est pas connu, — I 

do not know that name. 
Je le ferai connaitre an general, — I will 

speak to the general of him. 
II resiste. chatiez-le, je ne connais qne 

cela, — he resists, well pnnish h.m, that's 

all I can say. 
II connai.t les ruses du metier, — he 

knows the tricks of the trade. 

Ce juge ne peut pas connaitre de cela, 

— that judge cannot take cognizance of 

that. 

CONQUERIR, I, 2, to conquer, 
vanquish, subdue, win. 
Ex. : Par ce noble desinteressement il 

a conquis leur estime, — by that noble 

disinterestedness he has won their es- 
teem. 

CONSIDERER, Observations, page 
77, to consider. 

CONSTRU1RE, XII, 82, to con- 
struct, build. 

CONTENIR, X, 68, to contain, 
hold, include, comprehend, con- 
fine, keep in, keep within, 
restrain. 
Ex. : II est plus facile de s'abstenir que 

de se contenir ,— it is easier to abstain 

than to refrain. 
Quand je l'entendis parler de la sorte 

j'eus bien dc la peine a me contenir. — 

when I heard him speak in that manner 

I could hardly contain myself. 

CONTRAINDRE, II, 13, to con- 
strain, compel, force, make, 
drive, necessitate, oblige by 
force. 
Ex. : II se contraint en votre presence, 

— he constrains himself in your presence. 
Ne vous contraignez pas pour moi, je 

vous prie, — I pray you not to make a 

stranger of me. 



! CONTREDIRE, III, 19, to contra- 
dict, gainsay, be contradictory. 
(This verb makes in the 2d per- 
son plural of the present indicative 
vous concretises, and not contredites. ) 
CONTREFAIRE, IV, 26, to coun- 
terfeit, imitate, copy, mimic, 
ape, disguise, alter. 
CONTREVENIR, XI, 74, to con- 
travene, infringe, act contrary 
to, violate. 
CONVAINCRE, XI, 71, to con- 
vince, persuade, satisfy, convict. 
CONVENIR, XI, 74, to agree, 
admit, own, acknowledge ; to 
suit, fit, match, serve one's turn, 
be fit for, be suitable, be agreeable. 
Ex. • Je sais un logement qui vous con- 
viendra, — I know a lodging that will ex- 
actly suit you. 

Je le donnerai a qui il me conviendra, — 
will give it to the one it suits me (to give). 
CONVERGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to converge. 
COOPEREli, Observations, page 

77, to co-operate. 
COPIER, Flier, page 83, to copy, 

imitate. 
CORDELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

twist, twine, wreathe. 
CORRIGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to correct, rectify, soften. 
Ex. : Cette comcdie produisit une re- 
forme generate ; on rit, on se reconnut, 
on applaudit en se corrigeant, — that 
comedy produced a general reformation ; 
people laughed, saw themselves in it, and 
gave it the truest applause by forsaking 
their folly. 

CORROYER, Payer, page 85, to 
curry (leather), to puddle (a 
basin or canal with clay). 

COTOYER, Payer, page 85, to go 
side by side, go along the border, 
keep close to the shore, coast. 

COUDOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
elbow, jostle or push with the 
elbow. 

COUDRE, II, 11, to sew, stitch. 

COURRE. This verb is used only 
in the infinitive, and in the 
phrases : Courre le cerf ; courre le 
daim ; courre la bague, 



THE FRENCH YEEB. 



113 



COUVEIE, VII, 43, to cover, coat, 

envelop, overflow, overspread, 

overrun. 
CEAINDEE, II. 13, to fear, be 

afraid of, dread, stand in awe of. 
CEEEE, to create. 

(This verb is regular, and has 
been admitted here merely for the 
purpose of calling the students 
attention to the fact that in the 
past participle two acute e's come to- 
gether cree. and that in the feminine 
there are two acute e's and an e 
mute, in all three e's : creee. In 
the third person plural of the past 
definite, the acute e is immediately 
followed by a grave e : cretrent ) 
CEENELEE, Appeler, page 69, to 

make or form into battlements, 

indent, notch, tooth (a wheel), 

mill (a coin). 
CEEVEE, Lever, page 81, to burst, 

break, split, crack, rift, tear, 
rend. 

Ex. : Je ne saurais plus manger : me 
voulez-vons crever? I can eat no more : 
do you want me to burst. 

La bombe creva en Pair, -the bomb burst 
in the air. 

Crever de chaud, — to be dying with 
heat. 

Se crever de boire et de manger. — to 
stuff one's self till one is ready to burst. 
CEIEE, Flier, page 83, to cry, cry 

out, halloo, shout, bawl, scream, 

shriek, screech. 

Ex. : Crier miser e, — to complain of 
poverty. 

Crier des pommes. — to cry apples. 
CEOCHE1EE, Jeter, page 73, to 

pick (a lock). 
CEOIEE, II, 14, to believe, have 

faith in, think. 

Ex. : II se crut oblige de repondre, — he 
considered himself obliged to answer. 

CEOiTEE, III, 15, to grow, grow 

up, augment, increase, swell, 

multiply. 

Ex. : Les jours commencent a croitre, — 
the days are beginning to lengthen. 
CUIEE, XII, 82, to cook; to ripen; 

to smart, burn. 
CUEILLIE, III, 16, to pick, cull, 

crop, pull, pluck. 



D. 

DEBLAT£EEE, Observations, page 

77, to revile, to declaim (against), 

blatter. 

Ex. : II a passe deux henres a debla- 
terer contre moi, — he kept declaiming 
against me for two whole hours. 
DEBLAYEE, Payer, page $5, to 

clear away. 
DECAEEELEE, Appeler, page 6% 

to take up a floor, unpave. 
DECEDEE, Observations, page 77, 

to decease. 

(This verb is conjugated with 
etre.) 
DfiCELEE, Observations, page 83, 

to disclose, betray. 
DECHAEGEE, Arranger, page 77, 

to unload, disburden, lighten, un- 
burden, discharge. 
DECHEVELEE, Appeler, page 69, 

to dishevel ; to tear the hair. 

Ex. : Ce* deux femmes en se battant 
se sont toutes dechevelees, — those two 
women fought till the hair of Loth was 
streaming about their eyes. 

DECHOLE, HI, 17, to fall (from 

one's rank) ; to decline, decay, 

fall away. 
DECLOEE, IV, 22, to pull down a 

fence or enclosure ; to throw 

open. 

(This verb is used in the present 
infinitive only.) 
DECOLLETEE, Jeter, page 73, to 

uncover the breast. 

Ex. : Cette dame ne devrait pas tant se 
decolleter, — that lady ought not to wear 
such a low-necked dress. 
DECONFIEE, to discomfit, defeat, 

totally confound. 

(This verb is now little used. It 
is conjugated like confire, given in 
this Dictionary. 
DECONSIDEEEE, Observations, 

page 77, to bring into disesteem 

or disrepute. 
DECONTENANCEE, Placer, page 

79, to abash, put out of counte- 
nance. 



114 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



DECOUDRE, II, 11, to unsow, un- 
stitch, rip. 
Ex. : Cela commence a se decoudre, — 

that is beginning to rip. 

L'ennemi s' avarice, nous aurons a en 

decoudre , — the enemy is coming up, we 

shall have a brush for it. 

DECOURAGER, Arranger, page 
77, to discourage, dishearten, 
daunt, deter. 
Ex. : II y a de quoi se decourager. — 

there is enough to discourage one. 

DECOUVRIR, VII, 43, to discover, 

uncover, show, lay bare. 

Ex. : Vous vous decouvrez trop,il aurait 
fallu garder le secret sur tout cela. — you 
are too open, too unguarded, you ought 
to have kept all that a secret. 

La mer se decouvre dans le lointain, — 
the sea is seen in the distance. 
DECEETER, Completer, page 75, 

to decree, issue a decree. 

DECRIRE, IV, 23, to describe. 

Ex. : Ce prodige ne saurait se decrire, 
— that prodigy beggars description. 

DECROIRE, II," 14, to disbelieve, 

discredit. 

(This verb is now seldom used 
otherwise than in opposition to 
croire, as in the phrase : Je ne le 
crois ni ne le decrois, — I neither be- 
lieve it nor disbelieve it. It is then 
familiar. ) 

DECROITRE, III, 15, to decrease, 

shorten, fall. 
DEDIER, Plier, page 83, to dedi- 
cate, consecrate. 
DEDIRE, III, 19, to gainsay, un- 
say, contradict. 

Ex.: Je ne vous en dedirai pas, — I will 
not contradict you. 

Vous avez dit du mal de quelqu'un, 
vois etes oblige de vous dedire, — you 
have spoken ill of somebody, you must 
retract 

(Observe that dedire is conjugat- 
ed like dire, save in the 2d person 
plural of the present indicative, 
where it makes dedisez, and not 
dedltes.) 

DEDORMIE, III, 20, to take the 
chill off (water by putting it a 
moment on the fire). 
DfiFAILLIR, IV, 25, to fail, to 



grow fixint and weak, decay, 
swoon, faint away. 

DEFAIRE, IV, 26, to undo, take 

asunder, rip. 

Ex. : Defaire un nceud , — to undo a knot. 

Defaii e uue malle. — to unpack a trunk. 

La flotte de l'ennemi fut completement 
deiaite, — the enemy's fleet was complete- 
ly defeated. 

L'ecarlate defaittoutes les autres cou- 
leurs, — scarlet eclipses all other colors. 

II a eu bien de la pieue a se defaire de 
sa fievre, — he has had much ado to get 
rid of his fever. 

DEFERER, Observations, page 77, 
to confer, bestow, tender ; to im- 
peach ; to defer (to the senti- 
ments, judgment or opinions of 
others), pay deference. 

DEFIER, Plier, page 83, to defy, 
challenge, brave, dare, face, bid 
defiance to. 
Ex. : C'est un homme dont on ferait 

bien de se defier, — it would be well to be 

on your guard against that man. 
Elle se defiait de son propre cceur, — she 

distrusted her own heart. 

DEFONCER, Placer, page 79, to 

knock out (the head of a cask). 
DEFRAYER, Payer, page 85, to 

defray, bear the expenses of. 
DEGAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

redeem, take out of pawn. 

Ex.: Degager sa foi, — to redeem one's 
plighted faith. 

Degager son esprit de toute preoccupa- 
tion, — to free one's mind from all preju- 
dice. 

Cet habit degage la taille. — that coat 
shows off the waist to advantage. 

IXEGELER, Observatio7is, page 83, 

to thaw, unfreeze. 

Ex. : II degele. — it thaws. 

Leve^t a degele la riviere, — the wind 
has thawed the river. 

(This verb does not double the I.) 
DEGENERER, Observations, page 

77, to degenerate. 
DEGREVER, Observations, page 

77, to diminish or reduce. 
DEIFIER, Plier, page 83, to deify. 
seDEJETER, Jeter, page 69, to be 

distorted ; to warp. 
DEJOINDRE, V, 32, to disjoin, 

start, put asunder, part. 




THE FRENCH YEEB. 



115 



DELACER, Placer, page 79, to un- 
lace. 

Se delacer, to unlace, come loose. 

DELAYER, Payer, page 85, to di- 
lute, temper. 

DELIBERER, Observations, page 
77, to deliberate, demur, advise 
with. 

DELIER, Plier, page 83, to unbind, 
untie, release, absolve, free (one 
from one's oath). 

DELOGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
remove, quit, go from one's 
house ; to go away, march off, 
dislodge, decamp ; to turn out 
(of one's lodgings). 

DEMANGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to itch, have a longing desire. 

DfiMANTELER, Appeler, page 69, 
to dismantle. 

DEMARIER, Plier, page 83, to un- 
marry. 

DEMENAGER, Arranger, page 77, 



Observations, page 
struggle, make a 



se DEMENER, 

83, to stir, 

great bustle, strive, toil, exert 
one's self. 

Ex. : H se demene comme un possede, 
he struggles like a demon. 

DEMENTIR, IX, 59, to give the 

lie, coEtradict. 
DEMETTRE, V, 35, to put out of 

joint, dislocate, dismiss. 

Ex. : Son poigoet se demit, — his wrist 
was put out of joint. 

Diocletien ?e demit de l'empire, — Dio- 
cletian abdicated the empire. 

DEMORDRE, VI, 36, to let go. 

Ez. : II n'en demordra pas, — he will 
not give up his opinion. 

DENIER, Plier, page 83, to deny, 
disallow ; to refuse, not to grant ; 
to deny (assistance, &c.) 

DENONCER, Placer, page 79, to 
denounce, inform, or lodge infor- 
mation against. 

DEPARIER, Plier, page 83, to un- 
match, dispair. 

DEPARTIR, IX, 62, to distribute, 
divide, share, part, impart. 
Ex. : II ne s'est jamais depart! de son 



devoir, — he has never swerved from the 
path of duty. 

DEPECER, Placer, page 71, and 

Observations, page 83, to cut up, 

carve, cut in pieces. 
DEPLACER, Placer, page 79, to 

displace, remove. 

Ex. : Ne vous deplacez pas, je vous en 
prie, — keep your seat, I pray you. 

DEPLAIRE, VII, 46, to displease, 

offend. 
, Ex.: Cette femmen'est pas belle ; mais 
elle ne deplait pas, — that woman is not 
handsome ; but she is not unpleasing. 

Votre procede dt' plait a tout le monde. — 
your behavior is disliked by everybody. 

Je m'en ferai rien, ne vous deplaise, — I 
will do nothing of the sort, with your 
permission. 

Elle se deplait dans ce lieu, — she does 
not like that place. 

Les troupeaux se deplaisent en cet en- 
droit, — the cattle do not thrive in that 
place. 

DEPLIER, Plier, page 83, to un- 
fold, open, deploy, lay out. 

DEPOSSEDER, Observations, page 
77, to dispossess. 

DEPOURVOIR, VII, 49, to unfur- 
nish, leave unprovided or desti- 
tute. 

se depourvoie, to leave one's self 
without. 

DfiPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to loose, 
part, separate. 
Ex. : L'oiseau s'etait pris a la glu et 

ne pouvait s'en deprendre. — the bird stuck 

to the bird lime and could not get off 

again. 
II ne peut se deprendre de cette femme, 

— he cannot disengage himself from that 

woman. 

DEPRIER, Plier, page 83, to dis- 
invite, countermand an invita- 
tion. 

DER ANGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to derange, disorder, displace : 
to confound, disconcert, discom- 
pose, disorder, ruffle, break, dis- 
turb, unsettle. 

DEREGLER, Observations, page 
77, to disorder, put out of order. 

se DEREGLER, to lead a loose, 
disorderly life . 



116 



THE FEENCH VERB. 



DESALTERER, Observations, page 
77, to quench thirst. 

DESAPPARIER, Plier, page 83, to 
separate birds that have been 
paired. 

DESAPPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to 
unlearn, forget. 

se DESAPPROPRIER, Plier, page 
83, to divest one's self of one's 
property. 

DfiSASSOCIER, Plier, page 83, to 
dissolve a partnership. 

DESAVANTAGER, Arranger, page 
77, to put to disadvantage ; to 
wrong. 

DfiSENGRENER, Observations, 
page 83, to disengage, free. 

DESENNUYER, Payer, page 85, 
to drive away or divert one's 
melancholy, to cheer, recreate. 

D^SENRAYER, Payer, page 85, 
to unlock or take the brake of a 
wheel. 

DESENSORCELER, Appeler, page 
69, to unbewitch, disenchant. 

DfiSOBLIGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to disoblige, to displease. 

DESSECHER, Observations, page 
77, to dry, dry up, drain, wither, 
waste, emaciate ; to harden (as 
the heart). 

DESSERVIR, IX, 61, to clear the 
table ; to do an ill office to ; to 
do the business of. 

DETEINDRE, X, 67, to take out 
the dye or color ; to come out (as 
colors). 

DETELER, Appeler, page 77, to 
take horses out of a carriage, un- 
yoke oxen. 

DETENIR, X, 68, to detain, with- 
hold, keep back unjustly ; to de- 
tain or confine (in prison). 

DETRUIRE, XII, 82, to destroy, 
spoil, blight, blast. 

DEVANCER, Placer, page 79, to 
precede, go before ; to out-walk, 
out run, out strip. 

DEVENIR, Plier, XI, 74, to be- 
come, grow, get, turn. 



DEVIER, Plier, page 83, to deviate, 
swerve, go aside (from the right 
path.) 

DEVISAGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to scratch or disfigure one's 
face ; to stare (one) out of coun- 
tenance. 

DEVOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
lead astray ; to cause a looseness. 

DlfiSER, Observations, page 77, to 
mark a note to be played sharp ; 
to play a note sharp. 

DIFFERER, Observations, page 77, 
to differ, be unlike, disagree ; to 
defer, put off. 

DIGERER, Arranger, page 77, to 
digest ; to examine, discuss, 
scan, set in order ; to brook, bear. 

DILAYER, Payer, page 85, to de- 
lay, defer, put off. 

DIRE, III, 19, to say, tell. 

DIRIGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
direct, manage. 
Ex. : Mai diriger, — to misguide. 
Dinger ses regards vers la maison, — to 

turn one's eyes towards the house. 
L'aiguille aimantee se dirige vers Ie 

nord. — the magnetic needle points to- 
ward the north. 

DISCONVENIR, XI, 74, to deny, 

disown. 

Ex. : It ne disconvient pas que je ne le 
lui aie dit, — he does not deny that I said 
so to him. 

DISCOURIR, II, 12, to discourse, 
treat in a set or regular manner, 
descant, reason. 

DISGRACIER, Plier, page 83, to 
disgrace, put out of favor, with- 
draw one's favor from. 

DISJOINDRE, V, 32, to disjoin, 
disunite, take apart. 

DISPARAITRE, VII, 45, to disap- 
pear, vanish out of sight. 
Ex. : On le pressait de payer et il d s- 

pirut. — they pressed him for payment 

and he got out of the way. 

DISSOUDRE, I, 1, to dissolve, 

break," break up. 

(Some grammarians attribute to 
this verb, besides its own past par- 
ticiple, aissout, dissoute, the adjec- 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



117 



tive dissolu ; but that error is to be 
nvoided, as it often leads to ridicu- 
lous confusions, especially with 
foreigners. 
DISTRAIRE, X, 69, to separate, 

subtract ; to distract, disturb, 

call off, take off, divert from. 
DIVERGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to diverge. 
DIVERSIFIED Plier, page 83, to 

diversify, vary. 
DIVORCER, Placer, page 79, to 

divorce, be divorced, 
se DOMICILIER, Plier, page 83, to 

settle, dwell in a place, take a 

house or domicile. 
DORMIR, III, 20, to sleep. 

Ex. : Laisser dormir une affaire, — to let 
a-n affair lie dormant. 

Laisser dormir son ressentiment. — to 
lay aside one's resentment. 

II dort comme un sabot, — he sleeps like 
atop. 
DRAYER, Payer, page 85, to flesh 

a hide. 
DREGER, Arranger, and Observa- 
tions, page 77, to separate the 

seed from flax. 
DULCIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 

dulcify, dulcorate, sweeten. 



E. 



s'EBATTRE, XII, 81, to be merry, 

to sport, take one's pleasure. 
EBOUILLIR, I, 7, to boil down, 

over-boil, boil away, waste by 

boiling. 
EBRECHER, Observations, page 

77, to notch, make a notch in, 

take a piece out of (a razor, 

knife, etc.) 

Ex. : Ses folles depenses ont ebreche 
sa fortune,— his extravagant living has 
made a hole in his fortune. 

ECARTELER, to quarter, tear to 

pieces. 

(This verb does not double the 
I ; but it takes a grave accent over 
the e preceding that letter whenever 
it is immediately followed by an e 
mute : J'ecartele, tu ecarteles, etc.) 



ECHANGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to exchange ; to exchange one 
thing for another. 
(This verb generally takes contre 

after it : echanger une propriety 

contre une autre, to exchange one 

property for another. 

ECHOIR, III, 21, to expire, be 

out, lapse, devolve, light, fall 

due. 

Ex. : Cette lettre de change est echue, 
— that bill of exchange is due. 

J'ai mal echu, — I have made an unlucky 
hit of it. 

Le cas echeaut, — should opportunity- 
offer. 

ECLORE, IV, 22, to hatch, blow, 

open ; to break, dawn. 

Ex. Les pouiets commencent a eclore, 
— the chickens aro beginning to peep out 
of the shell 

£CREMER, Observations, page 77, 
to skim, take the cream off milk. 

s'ECRIER, Plier, page 83, to cry 

, out, exclaim. 

ECRIRE, IV, 23, to write, spell, 
pen, compose, inscribe. 
Ex. : Comment ecrivez-vous votre 

nom ? — how do you spell your name ? 

. Je lui ecrirai avec de la bonne encre, — 

I will write him in strong terms. 

EDIFIER, Plier, page 83, to edify, 
build, improve, set good ex- 
amples, build up in the faith. 

EFFACER, Placer, page 79, to 
efface, expunge, strike out, score 
out, dash out, blot out ; to wash 
away, obliterate, remove all trace 
of, wipe off, out, away. 

s'EFFORCER, Placer, page 79, to 
strain, strive, labor, struggle, 
endeavor. 

EFFRAYER, Pager, page 85, to 
frighten, terrify, 
Ex, : Ne vous effrayez pas de voir un 

homme si malheureux, vous devriez en 

avoir pitie. — be not startled at the sight 

of so wretched a creature, you ought 

rather to pity him. 

EGAYER, Payer, page 85, to ex- 
hilerate, enliven, divert, make 
cheerful or merry, lighten, ele- 
vate, cheer, cheer up. 



118 



THE FRENCH YEEB. 



EGOEGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 

cut the throat of, slaughter, 

butcher, kill. 
EGEENEE, Observations, page 83, 
, to take or shake out the grain. 
EGEUGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 

pound, grind, bruise. 
s'ELANCEE, Placer, page 79, to 

bound, shoot, rush, dash, spring. 
:ELEVEE, Lever, page 81, to 

raise, raise up, exalt, lift up ; to 

cast up, ridge, uplift, enoble, 

promote, tower ; to rear, bring 

up, educate, train. 
s'elevee, to mount, ascend, go up, 

run up ; to spring up (into the 

air). 

Ex. : Celui qui s'eleve Bera ab.usse, — 
he who exalts himself shall be humbled. 

ELIEE, V, 33, to elect, choose. 

EMETTEE, V, 35, to emit, issue. 

EMINCEE, Placer, page 79, to 
cut (meat, etc.,) in very thin 
slices ; to mince. 

EMMEN AGEE, Arranger, page 77, 
to get household goods, furnish 
a house ; to move into a house ; 
to set one's goods in order. 

EMOUDEE, VI, 37, to grind 
(knives, etc.) 

EMOUVOIE, VI, 39, to stir up, 
move ; to cause trouble or dis- 
order, agitate, provoke, stagger, 
produce emotion in. 
Ex. : II etait emu de crainte, — he was 

moved with fear. 
II s'emut a la vue du peril, he was 

troubled at the sight of the danger. 

EMPIETEE, Completer, page 75, to 
encroach, make encroachments, 
intrench upon, press upon, in- 
vade. 

EMPLOYEE, Payer, page 85, to 
employ, use, make use of, bestow, 
spend. 

EMPEEINDEE, X, 67, to imprint, 
engrave, stamp. 

ENC AGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 
cage, put in a cage. 

ENCEINDEE, X, 67, to enclose, 
encircle, encompass, surround. 



ENCLOEE, II, 10, to enclose, en- 
compass with an enclosure ; to 
hedge in. 
ENDOMMAGEE, Arranger, page 

77, to damage. 
ENDOEMIE, III, 20, to put asleep, 
lull asleep, make sleep, cast into 
a sleep, rock to sleep, send to 
sleep; to wheedle, coax, soothe; 
to decoy, amuse, deceive; to be- 
numb. 
s'endoemie, to go to sleep, fall 
asleep. 

Ex. : Je n'ai pu m'endormir que sur les 
trois heures, — I could not fall asleep be- 
fore three o'clock. 

ENDUIEE, XII, 82, to do over, 
lay on with, daub, give a coat (as 
of pitch, etc.) 

ENFONCEE, Placer, page 79, to 
beat, drive, thrust, force or pull 
down or in ; to beat or drive in ; 
to sink, sink into ; to break open, 
knock in ; to sink, dive, dip, give 
way. 
Ex. : S'enf oncer dans le bois,— to go 

into the thick of the wood. 

Cet homme s'enfonce dans de profondes 

reveries, — that man is plunged in deep 

thought. 

ENFEEINDEE, X, 67, to infringe. 
s'ENEUIE, V, 30, to run away, fly, 

escape, sheer off, send, scour 

away. 

Ex. : Le tonneau s'enf uit, — the cask is 
leaky, or leaks. 
ENGAGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 

pledge, pawn, mortgage, engage, 

encourage. 

Ex. ; On l'a engage a entrer dan 5 ? ce 
parti, — he has been induced to enter into 
that party. 

Cette charge engage a beaucoup de de- 
penses, — that poat is attended with great 
expenses. 

Je m'engage a ne vous plus faire de 
questions si vous voulez encore souffrir 
celle-ci, — I give you m« word I will ask no 
further questions if you will bear with 
one more. 

Notre navire s'est engage dans un lieu 
plein de rochers, — our vessel ran in 
among the rocks. 

Voila une perdrix engagee dans lea 
filets, — there is a partridge entangled in 
the net. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



119 



S'engasrer dans tin mauvaispas, — to run 
into a bad scrape. 

ENJOINDRE, V, 32, to enjoin, 
direct, charge, bid, order, com- 
mand. 

ENLACER, Placer, page 79, to 
lace ; to string or file papers ; 
to entwine or writhe (as a serpent 
does an animal in its folds). 
ENNUYER, Payer, page 85, to 
tire, weary ; to be tiresome, wea- 
risome, or tedious. 
b'enntjyer, to be tired, be weary, 
have a tedious time of it, feel the 
time lie heavy on one's hands. 
Ex. : Je m'ennuie u vivre avec des gens 
que je ne saurais demeler, — I am tired of 
living with people that I can make- 
nothing of. 

ENONCEK, Placer, page 79, to ex- 
press, utter, declare, word. 

s'ENQUERIR, I, 2, to enquire, 
make an enquiry. 

ENRAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
rage, be mad, madden, tear. 

ENRAYER, Payer, page 85, to put 
the spokes in a wheel; to lock or 
skid a wheel; to put on the drag 
or brake. 

ENSEMENCER, Placer, page 79, 
to sow (a fiekl). 

ENSORCELER, Appeler, page 69, 
to bewitch, throw a spell over. 

s'ENSUIVKE, X, 61, to follow, re- 
sult, ensue, spring, proceed; to 
come after or next. 

s'ENTRE-BATTRE, XII, 81, to 
beat one another, fight together, 
fall together by the ears. 

s'ENTRE-DETRUIRE, XII, 82, to 
destroy one another. 

EXTRELACER, Placer, page 79, 
to interlace, intermix, intertwine, 
interweave, weave; to plait or 
braid (as the hair). 

ENTRE-LUIRE, V, 34, to glim- 
mer. 

s'ENTRE - MANGER, Arranger, 
page 77, to eat one another. 

s'ENTRE-METTRE, V, 35, to in- 
terpose, intermeddle, go between, 



meddle, mediate, intervene, in- 

s'ENTRE-NUIRE, VI, 41, to hurt 
or prejudice one another. 

s'ENTRE-PERCER, Placer, page 
79, to run each other through. 

ENTRE-PRENDRE, VII, 51, to 
undertake, attempt, take in hand, 
take upon one's self. — Adventure, 
offer, venture. 
Ex : Un iusolent qui a eu l'effronterie 

d'entreprendre survotre metier. — an in- 
solent fellow who had the impudence to 

encroach upon your trade. 

s'ENTRE-SECOURIR, II, 12, to 
help or succour one another. 

s'ENTRE-SUIVRE, X, 64, to fol- 
low each other. 

ENTRETENIR, X, 68, to holdfast, 
hold together, keep up ; to keep, 
preserve, maintain, continue, fo- 
ment, 
Ex.: Entretenir un grand train, — to 

keep up a great style. 

II vienttoua les jours m'entretenir de 

ses affairs. — he comes every day to tal.c 

with me about his affairs. 
S'entretenir de bagatelles. — to talk of 

trifles. 

ENTREVOIR, XI, 77, to have but 
a glimpse of, peep in, discover 
but little, to catch or have a 
glimpse of a thing, see. it dimly 
(as through a fog or in the dark). 
Ex. : J'entrevois des malheurs, — I fore- 
see misfortunes. 
lis s'entrevirent chez elle, — they had a 

meeting at her house. 

ENTROUIR, VI, 42, to overhear. 
(This verb is little used.) 

ENTROU VRIR, VII, 43, to open 
a little, half open. 

s'entr'ouvrir, to open, gape, rive. 
Ex.: La terre s'entr'ouvrit, — the earth 

opened. 

EXUMERER, Observations, page 

77, to enumerate. 
ENVIES, Plier, page 83, to envy, 

grudge. 
ENVISAGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to look or stare in the face; to 

eve; to face; to look upon. 
ENVOYER, to send, emit. 

(This verb is conjugated like 



120 



THE FRENCH YERB. 



Payer, page 85, save in the future, 
■where it makes: fenverrai, tu enver- 
ras, il enverra, nous enverrons, vous 
enverrez, Us enverront, and in the 
jjresent cond., which makes: fen- 
verrais, tu enverrais, il enverrait, 
nous enverrions, vous enverriez, Us 
enverraient. ) 
EPELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

spell. 
£PICER y Placer, page 70, to spice, 
, season highly. 
EPIER, Plier, page 83, to watch, 

be a spy upon, clog. 
epiee, (verb neuter,) to ear, shoot 

into ears (as wheat, etc. ) 
EPONGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

spunge, spunge up. 
£PREINDRE, X, 67, to squeeze 

out, strain, press, wring. 
s'EPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to fire, 

kindle. 

(Little used except in the past 
participle. ) 

Ex. : II en est tout epris, — he is smitten 
with her. 

II s'est epris d'amour pour cette femme, 
— he is enamoured of that woman. 

EQUIVALOIR, XI, 72, to be equi- 
valent. 
ESPACER, Placer, page 79, to 

space, place at a proper distance. 
ESPERER, Observations, page 77, 

to hope, expect. 
ESSAYER, Payer, page 85, to try, 

essay, taste; to assay. 
ESSUYER, Payer, page 85, to 

wipe, wipe off, wipe dry; to dry, 

dry up. 
ESTROPIER, Plier, page 83, to 
, lame, maim, cripple, disable. 
ETAYER, Payer, page 85, to stay, 

prop, bear up, support, shove. 
ETEINDRE, X, 67, to extinguish, 

put out, quench, appease ; to 

close up (as a debt) ; to buy up or 

redeem (as an annuity). 
ETINCELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

sparkle, flash, gleam. 
ETRE, IV, 24, to be. 



ETREINDRE, X, 67, to bind, tie, 

bind up. 
ETUDIER, Plier, page 83, to study. 

Ex.: Je m'etudierai toujonrs a vous 

servir, — I will make it my constant duty 

to serve you. 

EVINCER, Placer, page 79, to 
evict,, eject. 

EXAGERER, Observations, page 
77, to exaggerate, magnify, over- 
rate. 

EXASPERER, Observations, page 
77, to exasperate, incense, en- 
rage. 

EXAUCER, Placer, page 79, to 
hearken, hear favorably, give ear 
to. 

EXCEDER, Observations, page 77, 
to exceed, go beyond, overstep, 
stretch or reach beyond. 

EXCLURE, VI, 36, to exclude, de- 
bar, keep from, shut out, bar, 
leave out, preclude, throw out. 
(This verb has two past parti- 
ciples: exclu, exclue, and exclus, ex- 

cluse ; the first is used with avoir, 

the second with etre. ) 

EXCOMMUNIER, Plier, page 83, 
to excommunicate. 

EXECRER, Observations, page 77, 
to execrate. 

EXIGER, Arranger, page 77, to ex- 
act, require, demand. 

EXPIER, Plier, page 83, to expiate, 
atone for. 

s'EXTASIER, Plier, page 83, to be 
enraptured, be in ecstacy. 

EXTRAIRE, X, 69, to extract. 



F. 



FAILLIR, IV, 25, to miss, give 

way, fail, sin ; to mistake, be 

mistaken, be out. 

Ex.: Arriver a jour faillant, — to come 
at the close of day. 

La branche des Yalois a failli dans la 
personne de Henri III, — the branch of 
the Yalois became extinct in the person 
of Henry the Third 

J'ai failli tomber, — I came near falling. 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



121 



FAIRE, IV, 26, to make, do. 

Ex. : Je n'ai plus que deux pages a 

faire, — I have only two pages to do. 

Des quo j'aurai fait je suis a vous, — as 

soon as I have done I will be with you. 
Faire un tour de promenade, — to take 

a walk. 
Faire un tour de promenade, — to take a 

walk. 
Faire un mille a pied, — to walk a mile. 
Faire une chambre, — to clean a room. 
Si vous n'avez que faire de ce livre-la, 

pretez-le moi. — if you tan spare that 

book, lend it to me. 
Je n'ai que faire de lui ni de ses visites, 

— I do not care about him or his visits. 
Ne faire que de. — to have just, or only. 
Comment se fait il que vous ne sayez 

pas venu avant lui ? — how happens it that 

you did not come before him ? 
Fasse le cielqu'il n'en soit pas ainbi, — 

heaven grant that it may not be so. 
Jean a fait des siemes, — John has been 

playing pranks. 

II faut savoir se faire a, tout evenement, 

— we must learn to take the world as it 

comes. 
II fait chaud, froid, humide, sec. de la 

boue. — it is warm, cold, damp, dry, 

muddy. 

FALLOIR, IV, 27, to be necessary, 
requisite, needful. 
Ex. : Des gens comme il faut, — respect- 
able people. 
Comment faut-il le faire ? — how is it to 

be done ? 
II s't n est peu fallu qu'il ait tombe, — 

he was within an ace of falling. 

FEINDRE, X, 67, to feign, dissem- 
ble, pretend ; to devise, forge, 
counterfeit ; to limp, go lame. 

feindre, (as a verb neuter,) to 
scruple, stand, stick. 

FERIR. (This verb is used only 
in the infinitive present, and in 
the phrase Sans coup ferir, with- 
out striking a blow. The past 
participle feru is also frequently 
used by veterinary surgeons. ) 

FESTOYER, Payer, page 85, to en- 
tertain, feast. 

FIANCER, Placer, page 79, to af- 
fiance, betroth. 

FICELER, Appeler, page 69, to 
bind or tie with twine ; to cord. 

FIER, PUer, page 83, to intrust, 
confide. 

Se fter, to trust in or to, confide 



in, rely upon, depend upon, re- 
pose upon. 

FIGER, Arranger, page 77, to con- 
geal, coagulate, thicken, curdle. 

FINANCER, Placer, page 79, to 
find funds ; to pay money. 

FLAMBOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
glitter, shine, be bright ; to throw 
out flames. 

FONCER, Placer, page 79, to head 
or bottom a cask, etc. 

FORCER, Placer, page 79, to force, 
compel, constrain; to break open, 
wrench, wrest, bend, break 
through. 

FORECLORE, to debar, foreclose, 
preclude. 

(This verb is used only in the in- 
finitive present, and the past parti- 
ciple : foreclos, foreclose. 

FORFAIRE, IY, 26, to fail in one's 
duty ; to trespass. 
(This verb is now little used, save 

in the infinitive and the compound 

tenses. ) 

FORGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
forge, hammer ; to invent, coin, 
forge, contrive. 

FORTIFIER, PUer, page 83, to 
fortify, strengthen, corroborate, 
make strong, comfort. 
Ex. : Se fortifier dans sa resolution, — to 

be firm or steady in one's resolution. 

FOSSOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
ditch about, moat about. 

FOUDROYER, Payer, page 85, to 
strike (speaking of 'the thunder- 
bolt) ; to fulminate, thunder, ana- 
thematize ; to crush, confound, 
floor. 

FOURRAGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to forage. 

FOURVOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
lead astray or out of the right way. 

FRANGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
fringe. 

FRAYER, Payer, page 85, to open 
up (as a way); to fray, rub 
against, graze, brush ; to milt 
(speaking of fishes) ; to hold in- 
tercourse with; to agree. 



122 



THE FRENCH YERB. 



FEE TEE, Observations, page 77, 
to freight, charter. 

FEIEE, to fry. 

(This verb is defective ; its only 

tenses in use are the following : Ind. 

Pres. — Je Ms, tu Ms, il frit. Fa- 

iur — Je frirai, tu friras, il friras, 

nous frirons, vous frirez, ils friront. 

Cond. Pres. — Jefrirais, tu frirais, il 

frirait, nous fririons, vous fririez, il 

friraient. Imp. — Fris. Paht. Passe. 

— Frit, frite. 

FBONCEB, Placer, page 79, to 
frown, look stern, knit or con- 
tract one's brows; to gather (in 
sewing). 

FEUCTIFIEE, Plier, page 83, to 
fructify. 

FUIE, V, 30, to flee, fly; to leak. 

FUEETEE, Observations, page 83, 
to hunt with a ferret; to ferret; 
to search for. 

FUSTIGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 
flog, scourge, whip. 

G. 

GAGEE, Arranger, page 77, to give 
one wages, to hire ; to bet, make 
or lay a wager. 
GEINDEE, X, 67, to whine, whim- 
per, pule, moan. 
(This verb is used only in the in- 
finitive and ind. pres. ) 
GELEE, Observations, page 83, to 
freeze; to be frozen, extremely 
cold. 

Ex. : II gele, — it is freezing. 
GEECEE, Placer, page 79, to chap 
(the lips, etc. ), crack. 

GESIE, XI, 73, to lie. 

(This verb is obsolete now, save 
in the ind. pres. singular only, both 
numbers of the imperfect, and the 
pres. participle.) 
GLOEIFIEE, Plier, page 83, to 

glorify, 
se GOBEEGEE, Arranger, page 77, 

to enjoy one's self; to banter, 

make game of. 



GOEGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 
gorge, glut, cram, overfill, sur- 
feit, stuff. 

GEACIEE, Plier, page 83, to par- 
don (cendemned criminals). 

GEEVEE, Lever, page 81, to ag- 
grieve, wrong; to burden, over- 
burden. 

GEIMACEE, Placer, page 79, to 
make grimaces, faces or wry 
faces; to make a wry mouth or 
grin; to grin; to pucker (as a 
coat). 

GEINCEE, Placer, page 79, to 
gnash (the teeth). 

GEUGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 
cranch, crack, eat, grind. 
Ex. : II aura bientot gruge son fait, — lie 

will soon have spent his all. 

se GEUMELEE, Appeler, page 69, 
to clot. 

GUEBEOYEE, Payer, page 85, to 
war, wage war. 

H. 

HALETEE, Jeter, page 73, to 
breath short, fetch one's breath 
fast and short; to blow, puff, 
pant. 

HAECELEE, Appeler, page 69, to 
harass, torment, teaze, vex, pro- 
voke. 

HEBEEGEE, Arranger, page 77, 
to lodge, entertain, harbor. 

HEBETEE, Completer, page 75, to 
stupify, hebetate, make dull or 
heavy, 



IDENTIFIES, Plier, page 83, to 
identify. 

sTMBOIEE, I, 6, to imbibe; to re- 
ceive ideas from taste, 

IMPEEGNEE, Observations, page 
77, to impregnate, imbue ; to 
taint; to impregnate, fecundate. 

INCENDIEE, Plier, page 83, to 
burn. 



THE FRENCH "VERB. 



123 



INDUIRE, XII, 82, to induce, in- 
cit, leade, entice, draw on. 
Ex. : Qui e-t-ce qui vous a induit a cela? 
— who prevailed upon you to do that ? 

Induir e en erreur, — to lead into error. 
induiee, to infer, draw an infer- 
ence, conclude. 
INFERER, Observations, page 77, 
to infer, draw an inference or 
consequence; to gather, collect, 
conclude, deduce. 
Ex.: Que voulez- vous inferer de la? — 
what do you infer from, that ? 

Vous ne pouvez rien en inferer, — you 
can infer nothing from it. 
1NFLIGER, Arranger, pa^e 77, to 
inflict, impose as a punishment. 
Ex.: S'infiiger des privations. — fo im- 
pose or lay privations on one's self. 
INFLUENCED Placer, page 79, to 

influence. 
s'lXGERER, Observations, page 77, 
to meddle or intermeddle with. 
Ex. ; II s'ingere de tout, — he is an offi- 
cious coxcomb. 

INITIER, PUer, page 83, to initi- 
ate; to admit. 

Ex. : II n'est pas encore initie a, la phi- 
losophy, — he is not yet initiated into phi- 
losophy. 

INJURIES, PUer, page 83, to 

abuse, call names, rail at, affront, 

insult, vilify. 
INQUIETER, Completer, page 75, 

to meke uneasy, disquiet, alarm, 

concern, trouble. 

Ex.: Cette nouvelle m'inquiete, — that 
news makes me uneasy. 

Que cela ne vous inquiete pas, — let not 
that disquiet you. 

II iuquietait les asiegeants par de conti- 
nuelies sorties. — he harassed the besieg- 
ers by continual sallies. 

On ne m'a jamais inquiete dans la pos- 
session de cette maison. — I have neve* 
been disturbed in the possession of that 
house. 
INSCRIBE, IV, 23, to inscribe, 

enter, put down. 

Ex. : J'inscrirai cela dans mes tablettes, 
— I will put that down in my tablets. 

On Finsorivit sur la liste des candidats 
— he was entered on the list of candi- 
dates., 
INSERER, Observations, page 77, 

to insert, put in. 
INSTRUIRE, XII, 82, to instruct, 



teach; to inform, apprize, ac- 
quaint; to train; to let into. 

Ex.: J'observe votre conduite et j'en 
instruirai vot e pere. — I c.m observing 
vour conduct and I shall apprize your 
father of it. 

Lisez-le done, et vous en serez plus in- 
struct en un quart d'heure que si je vous 
en avais pane pendant deux heures, — 
read it, then, and you will be let more 
into these matters in a quarter of an hour 
than if I were to talk to you two hours 
together. 

Ceux qui aiment a s'instruire ne sont 
jamais oisifs, — those who love to improve 
in knowledge are never idle. 
s'INSURGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to revolt, rise in insurrection. 
INTERCEDER. Observations, page 

77, to intercede. 
INTERDIRE, III, 19, to interdict, 

forbid; to suspend, prohibit. 

(This verb makes interdisez, and 
not interdites, in the 2d pers. plural 
of the pres. indicative. ) 

Ex. : La loi interdit aux Mahometans 
l'usage du vin, — the law forbids Slahoine- 
dans the use of wine. 

On a interdit cette eglise, — that church 
is shut. 

Ma maison desormais ne sera plus ou- 
verte pour vous.je vous Tintcdis, — my 
house shall be no longer open to you. Y 
forbid you to come n jar it. 

Une affaire imprevue m'interdit ce plai- 
sir, — an unexpected affair deprives me of 
this pleasure. 

II etait tout interdit, et ne put repon- 
dre un seul mot. — he was quite amazed, 
and could not answer a singie word. 

INTERPRETER, Completer, page 
75, to interpret, explain, ex- 
pound; to interpret, translate, 
render. 
INTERROGER, Arranger, page 77, 

interrogate, question. 
INTERVENIR, XI, 74, to inter- 
vene, interfere ; to interpose, me- 
diate. 

Ex. : L'autorite souveraine intervint 
dans cette affaire. — the sovereign author- 
ity interfered in that affair. 

IXTRODUIRE, XII, 82, to intro- 
duce, bring in, conduct. 
Ex. : II Fintroduieit dans le cabinet du 

roi. — he brought him into the king's 

closet. 
11 faut tacher de m'introduire chez lui, 



124 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



— I must try to gain admittance to his 
house. 

Les vices se sont introduces avec le 
temps .—vices have crept in with time. 
s'INVETERER, Observations, page 

77, to become inveterate. 
ISSIR, to issue. 

Ex. : De ce mariage sont issustroisen- 
fants, — three children sprang from that 
marriage. 

(This verb, which was formerly 
used in the sense of to come out, 
come forth, is now employed only 
in the past participle. It is an ir- 
regular defective verb of the 2nd 
Conjugation. ) 



JETER, (page 73,) to throw, cast, 
fling, hurl. 
Ex.: Jeter sa langue aux chiens, — to 

give it up. 
II jeta quelques propositions de paix 

pour ainuser l'ennemi, — he let fall some 

proposals of peace to amuse or engage the 

cmmy. 
Jetei* quelqu'un dans l'embarras, — to 

put one to inconvenience. 

II se jeta sur l'omelette avec beacoup 

d'avidite, — he fell on the omelet very vo- 
raciously. 
Se jeter au cou de quelqu'un, — to throw 

one's self on a person's neck. 

JOINDRE, Y, 32, to join, put to- 
gether, unite, fix together, con- 
nect. 
Ex. : Joindre la prudence a la valeur, — 

to temper valor with prudence. 

JUSTICIER, Flier, page 83, to 
punish corporally, execute, hang. 

JUSTIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 
justify. 



LACES, Placer, page 79, to lace. 

LACERER, Observations, page 77> 
to lacerate, tear, destroy ; to can- 
cel (a writing). 

LANCER, Placer, page 79, to dart, 
fling, hurl, throw, cast. 
Ex. : Lancer des ceillades, — to cast 

sheep's eyes. 



Lancer nn navire, — to launch a vessel. 
Se lancer. — to rush, shoot, fly. 
LARMOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
cry, weep, shed tears. 

LECHER, Observations, page 77, to 

lick, lick up, lap. 

Ex. : Lecher l'ours, — to spin out an af- 
fair. 

A leche doigts, — in small quantity, spa- 
ringly. 

LESER, Observations, page, 77, to 
wrong, aggrieve, injure. 

LEVER, ^page 81,) to lift, lift up, 
heave, raise, raise up, pull up, 
cast. up, take up ; to raise, levy 
(taxes) ; to set up ; to relieve (the 
guard ; to draw (a plan) ; to 
throw off (the mask); to remove 
(a difficulty) ; to remove (an in- 
terdiction). 

levee (as a verb neuter), to grow, 
shoot, come up, be up, ferment, 
rise. 

Se levee, to rise, get up ; to be 
stirring ; to stand up ; to break 
up. 
Ex.: La cours'est levee, — the court has 

adjourned or b oken up. 
Le vent se leve, the wind rises. 

LIBERER, Observations, page 77, 

to liberate, free, exempt, rid. 
LICENCIER, Plier, page 83, to 

disband (troops). 
LIER, Plier, page 83, to tie, bind, 

fasten ; to hoop (as a cask, etc. ) ; 

to thicken (as a sauce) ; to link, 

connect (ideas). 

Ex. : Lier conversation avec quelqu'un, 
— to join in conversation with some one. 

LIQUEFIER, Plier, page 83, to 
to liquefy, melt, fuse. 

LIRE, V, 33, to read, study, dis- 
cover, penetrate into, peruse, 
read over ; to lecture. 

LITHOGRAPHIER, Plier, to litho- 
graph. 

LOGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
lodge, put up, live, lie ; give a 
lodging to, harbor. 

LONGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
walk along. 




THE FRENCH VERB. 



125 



Ex. : Ce chemin longe la cote, — that 
road runs along the coast. 

L'armee longea la riviere, — the army 
went along the river. 
LOUANGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to praise, flatter. 
LUIRE, V, 34, to shine, dawn, 

glitter. 

Ex. : Des que le jour luira, — as soon as 
day dawns. 

J'entrevois quelque chose qui luit au 
travers de ces arbres. — I can see some- 
thing glittering through those trees. 



M. 



MAGNIFIER, Flier, page 83, to 

magnify. 
IAINTENIR, X, 68, to maintain, 

sustain, keep together, hold, 

steady ; to preserve ; to stand it. 

Ex. : Cetto femme se mantient bien 
pour sen age, — ihat woman stands it well 
tor her age. 

Tous les etats ont en general un meme 
objet, qui est de se maintenir, — all States 
have the same general end, which is that 
of preservation . 
MALFAIRE, IY, 26, to do evil. 

Ex. : II ne se plait qu'a malfaire, — he 
only takes delight in evil-doing. 

(This verb is scarcely ever used 
save in the infinitive.) 
MALMENER, Observations, page 
• 83, to use ill, to abuse, handle 

roughly, maul. 
MANGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

eat, feed, mess. 

Ex.: II sait bien son pain manger. — he 
knows on which side his bread is butter- 
ed. 

La rouille mange le fer, — rusts eats 
away iron. 

Manger ses mots, — to clip one's words. 
MANIER, Plier, page 83, to feel, 

handle; to handle, use manage, 

wield. 

Ex. : II manie bien 1'epigramme, — he 
touches off an epigram well. 

II sait bien nianier la plume, — he can 
handle the pen wgII. 
MAR1ER, riier, page 83, to marry. 

Ex : II a fort bien marie sa fille. — he 
has setticd his daughter very handsomely. 

Sa voix se marie bien avec son instru- 
ment, — his voice blends beautifully with 
his instrument. 



II s'est marie tivs-richment, — he macle 
a very rich match. 

MARTELER, Appeler, page 69, to 
hammer, beat or work with the 
hammer ; to trouble, torment 
plague, teaze, vex. 

MAUDIRE, III, 19, to curse. 
(This verb makes maudlssez, and 

not maudites, in the 2d pers. plural 

of the indicative present. ) 

MECONNAITRE, YII, 45, not to 
know again, not to recognize. 
Ex. : Cet homme de genie a ete niecon- 

nu de ses contemporains. — that man of 

genius was slighted by his countrymen. 

MECROIRE, II, 14, to disbelieve. 
(Most generally used in the 
phrase: 11 est danger eux de crlore et 
de mecroire, it is dangerous to be- 
lieve and disbelieve. ) 

MEDIRE, III, 19, to slander, speak 

ill or evil. 

(This verb makes medisez, and 
not medites, in the 2d pers. plural 
of the present indicative. ) 

MEFAIRE, IV, 26, to do an ill deed. 
Ex. : II ne faut ni mefaire ni medire, — 
we must neither do an ill deed nor speak 
an ill word. 

se MEFIER, Plier, page 83, to mis- 
trust, suspect, misdoubt, distrust. 

MELANGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to mix, mingle, blend. 

MEXACER, Placer, page 79, to 
menace, threaten. 

MENAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
manage with frugality, husband, 
spare, reserve, save; to manage, 
conduct, 
Ex. : Qui veut aller bien loin menage sa 

monture. — he who intends to ride far 

spares his horse 
Je lui ai manage une place, — I helped 

him to a situation. 

MENDIER, Plier, page 83, to beg. 
MENER, Observations, page 83, to 

carry, conduct, lead, bring; to 

carry on, direct, manage. 

Ex.: Ce chemin mene a la ville. — this 
road leads to the city. 

C'est un aveugle qui mene l'autre, — it 
is the blind leading the blind. 



126 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Mener line vie regime, 
life. 



-to lead a regular 



MENTIR, IX, 59, to lie, romance, 

fable, fib. 
se MEPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to mis- 
take, commit or make a mistake; 
to be, lie or labor under a mis- 
take. 

Ex. : Ces jumeaux se ressemblent tene- 
ment qu'il n'y a personne qui lie s'y me- 
prenne, — these twins are so much alike 
taat anybody might mistake them. 

Vous vous nieprenez, — you forget your- 
self. 

MESAVENIR, XI, 74, to come to 

any barm or trouble. 

(This verb is little used, and 
only in the infinitive and the 3d 
pers. sing, of each tense : voire 
cause est bonne, il ne saurait vous en 
rnesavenir, your cause is good, it 
cannot possibly miscarry.) 

MESINTERPRETER, Completer, 

73, to misinterpret. 
MESOFFRIR, YII, 43, to under- 
bid, undervalue. 
(Little used.) 
MESSEOIR, IX, GO, to be unbe- 
coming. 

(This verb is used only in the in- 
finitive, and the 3d persons sing, 
and plural of the present, imperfect 
and future indicative, and of the 
present conditional.) 

METTRE, V 35, to put, lay, set, 

commit, bring, expose, deliver, 

lay, lodge, place. 

Ex. : Mettre des paroles en musique, — 
to set words to music. 

Mettre la derniere main a une chose, — 
to <uve the finishing stroke to a thing. 

II a mis de l'eau dans son vin, — he has 
lowerfd his tone. 

Mettre quelqu'un en etat de faire 
quelque chose, — to enable any one to do 
anything. 

Mettre unlivre au jour, — to publish a 
book, 

Mettre une armee en campagne, — to 
take the field. 

< ela l'a mis en gout des livres, — that 
has given him a taste for books. 

Mettre quelqu'un en jeu, — to bring 
one's name into question. 



II a mis le doigt dessus, — he has hit the 
nail on the head. 

Il met son nez partout, — he thrusts his 
nose in everywhere. 

Se metrre u table, — to sit down to table. 
Se mettre en devoir de faire quelque 
chose, — to go about doing something. 

fce mtttre en menage, — to begin house- 
keeping. 

Mettez-vous a 1' ombre, — go into the 
shade. 

Se mettre une chose a la tete, — t j take 
anything into one's head. 

Se mettre en voyage , — to set out on a 
journey. 

Se mettre sur les rangs pour une charge, 
— to become a candidate for a position. 

Ii se met toujours bien, — he is at all 
times well dressed. 

lis se sont mis mal ensemble, — they 
have fallen out. 

Des qu'on lui en parle elle se met a 
pleurer, — as soon as you mention ibto her 
she begins crying. 
MITIGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

mitigate, soften, qualify. 
MODELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

model, shape, fashion. 
MODERER, Observations, page 77, 
to moderate, slaken abate, tem- 
per, restrain, repress, modify, 
confine, cool, rule, curb, restrict, 
modify. 
MODIFIER, Plier, page 83, to mo- 
dify. 
MOLLIFIER, Plier, page, 83, to 

mollify. 
MONNAYER, Payer, page 85, to 

mint, coin, stamp money. 
MORCELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

parcel,, parcel out, disjoint. 
MORIGENER, Observations, page 

77, to tutor, school, reprimand. 
MOURIR, VI, 38, to die, depart, 
drop off, go off. 

Ex.: II se laisse mourir de faim, — he 
suffers himself to perish for want. 

II est mort des blessures qu'il a recues 
sur le champ de bataille, — he died of the 
wounds he received on the field of battle. 
Mourir de sa belle mort. — to die a na- 
tural death. 

II se meurt, — he is dying 
Mourir tout en vie, — to be taken off sud- 
denly. 
MOUDRE, VI, 37, to grind. 

Ex.: J'ai le corp tout moulu, — I am 
bruised all over. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



127 



MYSTIFIER, Plier, page 85, to 
mystify. 

N. 

NAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
swim ; to row. 

NAITRE, VI, 40, to be born. 

Ex. : Beaucoup de maladies naissent 
d'intemperance. — many diseases origin- 
ate in intemperance. 

Kos plus grands pi aisirs naissent de nos 
"besoms. — our greatest pleasures spring 
from our wants. 

L'empire romain ne faisait alors que de 
naitre, — the Roman empire was then but 
in its infancy. 

NEGLIGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 

neglect, omit, slight, pass over, 
disregard, pass by. 

Ex. : II a neglige de me faire avertir, — 
he neglected to inform me. 

II neglige tous les moyens de parvenir, 
— he disregards all means of rising in the 
world. 

II commence a se negliger, — he begins 
to dress negligently. 

NEGOCIER, Plier, page 83, to ne- 
gotiate; to trade, deal, trainc. 
NEIGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
snow. 

(This verb is impersonal, and is 
used only in the third pers. sing, 
of each tense: U neige, il neigeait, il 
neiqea, etc.) 

NETTOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
clean, cleanse, make clean, scour. 

Ex.: Ncttoyer les chemins de voleurs, 
— to clear the highways of robbers, or the 
roads of highwaymen. 

lis ont nettoye ]a maison, — they have 
rarried off everything. 
NEER, Plier, page 83, to deny. 

Ex. : II le nie fort et ferine, — he denies 
it strongly, or flatly. 

Toutes les fois que j'amrme vous niez, 
— whenever I affirm you deny. 

Nier une consequence, — to deny a con- 
sequence. 
NIVELER, Appeler, page 69, to 

level, make level, take the level 

of. 

Ex. : Cetto revolution tendait a niveler 
les fortunes, les conditions, les rangs, — 
that revolution tended to level fortunes, 
conditions, ranks. 



NOTIFIES, Plier, page 83, to noti- 
fy, make known, certify, signify, 
declare, give notice of. 

NOYER, Payer, page 85, to drown. 

se noyer, to be drowned. 
Ex.: Ils'estnove dans la riviera. — he 

was drowned in the river. 
Se noyer dans le sang, — to wallow in 

blood. 
C'est un homme noye, — it's all over 

with hin. 
Les pluies ont noye les campagnes. — 

the rains have swamped or inundated the 

country. 
Dans ce discours le sens est noye dans 

les paroles, — in that discourse the sense 

is drowned in words. 

NUANCER, Placer, page 70, to 

shade, blend. 
NUIR, VI, 41, to hurt, damage, 
do hurt, harm or de- 



■to annoy; to wrong. 



prejudice, 

triment: 

Ex. : Cette demarche nuirait a votre 
dessein, — that step would hurt your de- 
sign. 

Get homme peut vous nuir, — that man 
may injure you 

II cherche a lui nuir, — he seeks to do 
him hurt. 

Le froid unit a la sante, — cold is inju- 
rious to the health. 

Je ne lui ai pasnui dans cette affaire. — 
I have been of service to him in that af- 
fair. 

Trop gratter cuit, trop parler nuit, — 
least said is soonest mended. 



O. 



OBERER, Observations, page 77, 

to sink in debt. 

Ex : II a fort obere sa maison. — he has 
run his family deeply in debt. 

Je crains de m'oburer, — I am afraid of 
involving myself in debt. 
OBLIGE R, Arranger, page 77, to 

oblige, bind, obligate. 

Ex. : Votre devoir vous y oblige, — you 
are bound in duty to do it. 

Quelle raison vous oblige a faire ce que 
vousfiites? — what induces you to do as 
you do ? 

Apres un mois de siege le gouverneur 
fut oblige de se rendre, — after a month's 
s^ege the Governor was obliged to sur- 
re rter. 

Personne n 'a jamais su obliger de meil- 
leure grace. — nobody ever had a more 
genteel way of obliging. . 



128 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



ObH^er un cpprenti, — to bind as an ap- 
prentice. 

OBLITERER, Observations, page 

77,, to obliterate, wear away. 
ORSEDER, Observations, page 77, 
to beset, pester, torment. 
Ex. : II est obsede par la foule de sollici- 
teurs, — be is beset by a crowd of appli- 
cants. 

OBTENIR, X, 68, to obtain; to 
prevail upon. 

Ex. : J'ai obtenu de lui qu'il demeurerait 
encore trois jours avec nous, — I have p e- 
vailed upon him to stay three days more 
with us. 

OBVIER, Flier, page 83, to ob- 
viate, prevent, binder. 
Ex. : On ne saurait obvier a tous les in- 
cnvenients, — one cannot obviate all in- 
conveniences. 

OCTROYER, Payer, page 85, to 

grant. 
OFEICIER, Flier, page 83, to offi- 
ciate, read the divine office. 

Ex. : C'est un homme qui officie bien. — 
he is a man that plays a very good knife 
and fork. 
OFFRIR, VII, 43, to offer, proffer, 

tender. 

Ex. : II m'a offert sa protection, — he of- 
fered me his protection. 

Offrir des actions de grace a Dieu, — to 
offer up thanksgivings to G-od. 

Offrir ses douleurs a Dieu, — to lay one's 
sorrows befoi e God. 

J'ai refuse plus que vous n'en offrez, — 
I have refused more than you offer. 

Cette question offre beaucoup des diffi- 
cultes, — that question presents many diffi- 
culties. 

II ne s' offrir a jamais une occasion plus 
favorable, — a more favorable opportunity 
may never offer again.. 

Le premier objet qui s'est offert a, mes 
yeux — the first object that presented it 
self to my eyes, 
OINDRE, V, 32, to anoint. 

Ex.: Autrefois on oignait les athletes 
pour la lutte. — in old times athlets were 
anointed for the arena. 

On oignait les rois de France a leur 
isacre avec l'huile de la sainte ampoule, — 
the kings of France on their consecration 
were anoinied with the oil from the holy 
ampulla. 
OMETTRE, X, 35, to omit, leave 

out, take no notice of. 

Ex.: Prenez girde de rien omettre, — 
take care to omit nothing. 



Prenez garde d'omettre quelque chose 
d'essentiel. — beware of omitting sonie- 
th<ng essential. 

II a omis deux ou trois mots da^s sa 
lettre , — he nas left out two or three words 
in his letter. 

II a omis de toucher les choses princi- 
pales. — he has left the main points un- 
touched. 

ONDOYER, Payer, page 85. to un- 
dulate, rise in waves, swell with 
billows, wave to and fro. 
Ex. : Les etendards ondoyaient dans la 

plaine, — the flags, or colors, were waving 

in the field. 
Ses cheveux ondoient au gre du vent, 

— her hair floats in the wind. 

ondoyek, (as a verb neuter,) to 
sprinkle, christen privately. 

OPERER, Observations, page 77, 

to operate, work, perform. 

Ex. : Le general, en faisant attaquer 
sur ce point, a opere une diversion utile 
a ses desseins. — by directing an attack 
upon that point, the general effected a 
div rsion useful to his views. 

II s'est operti en lui un grand change- 
ment, — a great change has taken place in 
him. 

Ce chirurgien opere tres-habilement, — 
that surgeon operates very skilfully. 

ORTHOGRAPHIER, Plier, page 

83, to spell, 
OUBLIER, Plier, page 83, to for- 
get; to neglect, pass by. 

Ex. : Ces choses-la s'oublient facile- 
ment, — tho^e things are easily forgotten. 

On a donne de-t charges, des emploi? a 
tous les autres; mais on vous a oublie, — 
all the others have be n promoted to of- 
fices and employments ; but you have 
been forgotten. 

11 a oublie de danser, — he has forgot- 
ten to dance. 

Elle a oublie a danser, — she has forgot- 
ten how to dance. 

II n'oublie rien de ses interets, — he 
never forgets what concerns his interests. 

Vous oubiiez qui vous etes, — you forget 
who and what you are. 

Elle s'est oubliee jusqu'a frapper son 
domestique. — she forgot herself so far as 
to strike her servant. 

OUIR, VI, 42, to hear. 

Ex. : Avez-vous ou'i dire cette nouvelle? 
— have you heard that news » 

(This verb is now used only in 
the past participle, with the verb 
avoir. ) 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



129 



OUTRAGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to outrage. 
OUVRIR, VII, 43, to open; to set 

open, break open; to breathe, un- 
bosom. 

Ex. : Ouvrir son coeur a quelqu'un. — 
to unbosom one's self to any o<ie. 

Cette porte n'ouvre jamais, — that door 
never opens. 

Je ne m'en ouvre qu'a, vous, — I disclose 
myself to none but you. 

Son coeur s'ouvre a la joie ; — his heart 
opens to joy. 



PACIFIER, Plier, page 83, to paci- 
fy, appease. 

Ex. : Pacifier un etat, les troubles, les 
differends,— to pacify a State, disturb- 
ance, quarrels. 

PAITRE, VII, 44, to crop, graze, 

feed. 

Ex. : Les moutons qui pai«ssent l'herbe, 
— the sheep which crop the grass. 

II y a des oiseaux qui paissent, comme 
les oies, les grues, etc., — there are birds 
which graze, such as geese, cranes, etc. 

Joseph et ses frerespa ssaient es trou- 
pe aux— Joseph and his brethren tended 
the flocks, 
se paitre, to feed upon. (Said of 

birds of prey. ) 
PALLIEE, Filer, page 83, to palli- 
ate ; to cloak, gloss over. 

Ex. : II essaie de pallier sa faute, — he 
attempts to gloss over his fault. 

PARAITRE, VII, 45, to appear, be 

seen. 

Ex. : L'aurore parait,— the dawn ap- 
pears. 

Depuis longtemps il ne parait plus, — he 
has lon^ ceased to make his appearance. 

II y a des gens qui paraissent plus avec 
dix mille francs de rente que d'autres 
» vec vingt mille. — some people make more 
show with an income of ten thousond 
francs than others do with twenty. 

Lesjeunes gensaiment les choses qui 
paraissent ,— youn g m e n like sh owy things. 

Je vous parais baisser, n'est-ce pas? — 
you think I flag, don't you ? 

II rencontra un homnie qu'il me dit etre 
un geometre, et il n'y avait rien qui n'y 
parut, car il etait d'une reverie profonde, 
— he met a man who he told me was a 
geometrician, and indeed his whole ap- 



pearance spoke as much, for he was in a 
profound meditation. 

II a fait paraitre un grand courage, — ho 
gave evidence of great courage. 

II me parait que vous vous C-tes trompe, 
— I think you are mistaken. 

II n'y a rien qui n'y paraisse, — nothing 
can be plainer. 

PAECOUEIE, II, 12, to travel all 

through ; to go through ; to go or 

run over; to take a survey; to 

wander. 

Ex. : II a parcourru toute 1'Asie, — he 
has travelled all over Asia. 

Ce cheval a parcouru la carriere en cinq 
minutes,— that horse went round the 
course in five minutes. 

Le soleil parcourt le zodiaque en un an, 
— the sun performs the circle of the Zo- 
diac in a year. 

Je parcours depuis six mois l'Espagne 
et le Portugal. — I have been now six 
months rambling over Spain and Portu- 
gal. 

J'ai parcouru d'unbout al'autrelelivre 
que vous m'avez prete. — I have read the- 
book all over that you lent me. 

II parcourut des yeux toute 1' A ssemblee, 
— he surveyed all the spectators. 

Je parcours laterre, et je n'> trouve qua 
delabrement. — I take a survey of the 
whole earth, and and I find nothing but 
ruin and decay. 
PARFAIRE, IV, 26, to perfect, 

complete, 

(Little used otherwise than as a 
law term.) 
PARIER, Plier, page 83, to wager, 

bet. 

Ex. : Parier le double contre le simple, 
— to bet two to one. 

H y a gros a parier qn'il viendra en 
temps utile, — there is every likelihood 
that he will come in due time. 
PARODIER, Flier, page 83, to 

parody; to mimic. 
PARTAGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to part, share, give a share, di- 
vide, parcel, portion, distribute. 

Ex. : Partagez cela entre vous,— divide 
that among you. 

II partage son bien avec les pauvres,— 
he shares his wealth with the poor. 

Ce fleuve partage la ville en deux par- 
ties presque cgales,— that river divides 
the city into two nearly equal parts. 

La nature l'a bien partage, — he has good 
natural parts. 

II faut partager le differend,— we must 
split the difference. 



130 



THE FRENCH VEEB. 



Je partage votre douleur, — I share your 
grief. 

II a partage avec lui l'honneur et la 
gloire de la journee — lie shared wiih him 
the honor and the glory of the day. 

Je ne partage pas votre avis, — I do not 
share your opinion. 

Lss avis se partagent, — opinions are 
divid d. 

Sa tendresse se partage egalement entre 
toiis ses enfants, — his tenderness is equal- 
ly divided among all his children. 
PARTIR, IX, 62, to set out, start, 

go, go away, leave, set off, de- 
part. 

Ex. : Vous n'etiez pas plus tot parti 
qu'il est arrive, — you had scarcely gone 
when he arrived 

II n'est point parti de la, depuis trois 
heures. — he has not left there since three 
o'clock. 

Au moindre signe il part comme l'e- 
clair . — at the least signal he sets off like 
lightning. 

La foudre qui part de la nue — the 
thunderbolt that shoots from the clouds. 

Toutes les arteres paitent du cceur, — 
all the arteries proceed from the heart. 

Cela part d'un bon cceur, — that proceeds 
from a kind heart 

A partir du regne de Charlemagne, — 
counting from the reign of Charlemagne. 

A partir de U, — taki-. g that for granted. 

lis out toujours maille a partir, — they 
always have a crow to pj-uck. 

PARVENIR, XI, 7-4, to arrive, 

come, attain, get, reach, grow. 

Ex. : II ne peut jamais parvenir au haut 
de la moiitagne, — he cou^d never get to 
the top of tue mountain. 

J'espire que ma lettre parviendra jus- 
qu'a, lui, — I hope my letter will come to 
his hands, or reach him. 

II n'a jamais pu parvenir a, etre riche, 
— he could never contrive to be rich. 

Je n'ai jamais pu parvenir a le persua- 
der, — I could never manage to persuade 
him. 

II veut parvenir a. quelque prix que ce 
s irt, — he is determined to rise in the 
world whatever be the consequences. 
PATAUGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to plash, splash or wade. 
PAYER, (page 85,) to pay, pay 

away, answer, contribute, quit, 

acquit. 

Ex. : Je lui ai paye tout ce que je nai 
devais. — I have paid him all I owed him. 

Je vous ai paye votre marchandise, — I 
paid you for your goods 

A Rome, a Athenes, a, Lacedemone 



l'honneur seul payait les services le plus 
signales, — at Rome, Athens and Lacede- 
monia h«>nor was the only rewtrd for the 
most signal services. 

L'airlueiice des spectateurs obligca les 
comediens a faire payer, des la secondc 
representation, le double du prix ordi- 
i aire. — the prodigious crowd ol people 
that resorted to the play made the com- 
pany demand double prices at the second 
representation 

Ne pensez pas que je me paye d'une 
simple negative. — do not think that I will 
be satisfied with a simple denial. 

Quand notre humanite a leur egard ne 
seraitpiyee que par la plaisir de faire des 
heureux. — were our humanity to them to 
receive no other reward than the pleasure 
of making others happy. 

Payer le tribut a la nature, — to pay the 
debt of nature. 

Payer d'audace, — to face it out. 

Yous nous payez ici d'excuses colorees, 
— you put us off here with specious ex- 
cuses. 

PECHER, Observations, page 77, 

to sin, transgress, trespass. 

Ex. : Eve fit pecher Adam, — Eve caused 
Adam to sin. 

Pecher contre les bonnes mceurs, — to 
offend against good manners. 

II a peche par trop de precaution, — he 
has failed through excess of precaution. 

PEINDRE, X, 69, to paint, draw, 

portray. 

Ex. : Peindre au naturel, — to paint to 
the life. 

Peindre d'apres nature, — to paint from 
nature. 

Peindre l'histoire, — to paint historical 
subjects. 

Peindre le genre, — to paint low life. 

Se faire peindre, — to have one's portrait 
taken, or to sit for one's portrait. 

Ell e est faite a peindre, — she is made 
for a painter. 

II nous a peint sa destresse, — he drew 
us a picture of his distress. 

II peignait si vivement la colere, la doul- 
eur, — he paints anger, grief in such 
glowing colors. 

On nous le peignit des plus noires cou- 
leurs, — they painted him to us in the 
blackest colors. 

Les objects se peignent sur la glace d'un 
miroir, — objects are delineated on the 
glass of a mirror. 

La douleur, le desespoir se peignaient 
sur son visage . — his face was the picture 
of grief , of despair. 

Cet auteur se peint dans ses ouvrages, 
— that author may be seen in his works. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



131 



VoilA nui nous acheve de peindre. — that 
does our business completely. 
PELEE, Observations, page 83, to 
peel, peel off, pare, strip. • 
Ex. : Peler des amandes. — to blanch 
alnionds. 

(This verb does not double the /, 
but it takes a grave accent over the 
e preceding it whenever it is im- 
mediately followed by a mute e. ) 

PENETEEE, Observations, page 77, 

to penetrate. 

Ex. : La pluie a penetre son habit — the 
rain has soaked through his coat 

Penetrer les secrets de la nature. — to 
dive ibto the secrets of nature. 

Son etat m'a penetre, — his position 
deeply moved me. 
PEECEE,P/acer, page 79, to pierce, 

drill, bore, tap, broach. 

Ex. : On peryait la langue aux blasphe- 
mateurs. — they used to bore the tongues 
of blasphemers. 

II a ete tout perce, — he was wet to the 
skin. 

Percer l'avenir, — to dive into futurity. 

Les os lui percent la peau. — you can 
see his bones through the skin! 

Son intention perce a travers son si- 
lence, — his intention appears through his 
silence. 

II a nni par percer, — he has risen into 
notice at last. 

Son merite perce deja, — his talents at- 
tract attention even now. 

Cette maison perce d'une rue a l'autre, 
— that house fronts on two streets. 
PEEMETTEE, V, 35, to permit, 

allow, give leave, let, indulge. 

Ex. : On m'a permis de le voir, — I was 
permitted to see him. 

Je ne lui permets rien que de raisonna- 
ble,-— I indulge him in nothing but what 
is reasonable. 

Pensez-en ce qu'il vous plaira, je vous 
le permets, — you are at liberty to think 
what you please. 

II faut bien permettre ce qu'on ne peut 
pas empecher. — we must permit what we 
cannot prevent. 

Dieu permet souvent que les mediants 
posperent, — God often permits the wick- 
ed to prosper. 

La socicte permet certains desordres 
dans la vue d'ea prevenir de plus grands, 
— society connives at certain disorders 
with a view to prevent greater ones. 

C'estun homme qui se permet beau- 
coup de choses, — he is a man who takes 
gre t latitude. 

II n'estpas permis de se venger soi- 



meme. — it is not lawiul for a man to be 
his own avenger. 

Je me permettrai ^e vous dire, — I shall 
make so bold as to tell you. 

PEEPETEEE, Observations, page 
77, to perpetrate. 

PEESEVEEEE, Observations, page 
77, to persevere, be steadfast, 
persist. 

Ex. : II persevere a soutenir ce qu'il a 
avance, — he still perseveres in maintain- 
ing what he said. 

PETEIFIEE, Flier, rjage 83. to 

petrify. 

Ex. : II y a des eaux qui petrifient tout 
ce qu'on yjette. 

PIETEE, Completer, page 75, to 

foot the mark. 

Ex. : On avait piete cet homme contre 
tous les avis qui lui viendraient, — that 
man had been firmly set against all advice 
that might reach him. 
PINCEE, Placer, page 79, to pinch. 

Ex, : Un beau jour il se fera pincer, — 
he '11 get caught some fine day. 
PLACER, (page 79, ) to place, put, 

seat, dispose, set. 

Ex. : Oil placerez-vous tout ce monde- 
ld ? — where will you find seats lor all those 
people ? 

Placer de l'argent a la banque. — to put 
money in the bank. 

II place bien ce qu'il dit, — he times well 
what he says. 

Je cherche a le bien place-r, — I want to 
get a good situation for him. 

Fes vertus le piacent parmi les homme s 
le plus estimes de son pays. — his virtue** 
rank; him among the most distinguished 
characters in his country. 

II s'est place par ses exploits au rang 
des plus fameux heros. — his achievements 
rank him among the most celebrated 
heroes. 

PLAINDEE, II, 13, to pity, com- 
passionate, commiserate. 

Ex. : Je vous plains. — I pity you. 

II ne plaint pas la depense, — he does not 
repine at the charges. 

Elle ne plaint pas le pain a les enfants, 
— she is not sparing of food to her chil- 
dren. 

II se plaint toujours, — he is always 
complaining, or moaning. 

II a subi l'operation sans se plaindre, — 
he underwent the operation without a 
groan. 

PLAIEE, VII, 46, to please, be ac- 
ceptable or agreeable. 



132 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Ex. : Lo vert plait aux yeux, — green is 
pleasing io tlie eye. 

Ceia vous plait a dire, — you are pleased 
to say so. 

II ne me plait pas que vous y alliez, — I 
do not like you to go there. 

Tu seras bientot riche, me dit lo doc- 
teur, car il y aura, s'il plait a Dieu, bien 
des maladies cette anuee. — the doctor tells 
me you will very soon be rich, for, please 
God, there will be plenty of sickness this 
year. 

II est impossible de ne point aimer les 
premieres, et cle ne pas se plaire avec le 
secondes. — it is impossible not to love the 
former, and not to be delighted with the 
latter. 

La vigne se plait dans les terres pier- 
reuses, — the vine thrives in stony ground. 

Plut a Dieu, — would to God. 

A Dieu ne plaise, — God forbid. 

PLEUVOLR, VII, 47, to rain. 

Ex. : Ilpleut a verse, — it pours down. 

II pleut a petiies gouttes, — it is driz- 
zling. 

Les biens, les dignites, les honnours 
vont pleuvoir chez lui, — rich s, dignities 
and honors are going to be heaped upon 
him. 

PLIER, (page 83,) to fold, fold 

up. 

Ex.: Plier bagage, — to decamp, beat a 
retreat, to pack away, pack up one's 
awls. 

Plier les genoux, — to bend one's knees. 

II faudra plier ce jeune homme a la 
regie, — that young man must be broken 
into the rules of the house. 

Je ne saurais me plier a cela, — I cannot 
br,ing myself t J that. 

Un roseau qui plie, — a reed that bends. 

Eaire plier un arc. — to bend a bow. 

II vaut mieux plier que rompre, — it is 
better to bend than break. 

Plier sous l'autorite de quelqu'un, — to 
yield to one's authority. 

L infanterie plia, — the infantry gave 
way. 

PLONGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

plunge, dip, imnierse. 

Ex : On l'a plonge dans la riviere jus- 
qu'au cou, — they ducked him in the river 
up to the neck. 

II s'est plonge dansle vice, — he plunged 
headlong into vice. 

Du haut de la montagne la vue plonge 
sur uue magniiique vallee. — from the top 
of that mountain the eye looks down over 
a magnificent valley . 

Ce coup de fusil plonge, — that musket 
shot has been fired downwards. 



PLOYER, Payer, page 85, to bend, 

bow. 

Ex. : Ployer une branche d'arbre, — to 
bend the branch of a tree. 

Ployer votre serviette, — fold up your 
napkin. 
POINDRE, VII, 48, to peep or 

dawn. 

Ex. : Le jour commencait a poindre, — 
the day began to. peep. 

Le poil commence a. lui poindre au 
menton, — the beard begins to come upon 
his chin. 

POLICES, Placer, page 79, to po- 
lish, establish policy. 
Ex : Policer une ville, — t "> polish a city. 
II est le premier qui ait police les peu- 

ples de Nord, — he was the first to polish 

the nations of the North. 

PONCER, Placer, page 79, to prick 
a drawing or a print and rub it 
over with coal-dust ; to pounce. 
Ex. : Poncer de la vaiselle, — to rub plate 

with the pummice stone. 

PONDERER, Observations, page 77, 

to balance. 

Ex. : Ponderer les pouvoirs de l'Etat, — 
to balance the powers of the State. 

POSSEDER, Observations, page 77, 

to possess, be possessed of, be 

master of, enjoy, master, own, 

hold, have. 

Ex. : Que je suis heureux de vous pos- 
seder chez moi! — how happy I am to en- 
joy your company at my house. 

Posseder l'esprit de quelqu'un, — to have 
great influence upon one. 

L'ambition le possede, — he is blinded 
by ambition 

II possede bien sa harangue, — he has his 
speech at his fingers' ends. 

II se possedait a merveille dans ces oc- 
casions. — he showed a marvellous temper 
upon those occasions. 

C'est un homme froid et sage qui se 
possede toujours, — he is a cool wary 
man, with a constant command over his 
temper. 

II ne se possede pas de joie,— he is 
ready to leap out of his skin for joy. 
POURSUIVRE, X, 64, to pursue, 

go or run after, chase, hunt. 

Ex.: Poursuivre en justice,— to prose- 
cute. 

Poursuivre son discours, — to go on or 
proceed with one's discourse. 

L'orateur pursuivit en ces termes, — tha 
orator proceeded as follows. 

Poursuivre en mariage, — to court. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



133 



POURVOIR, VII, 49, to provide, 

to see to, look to. 

Ex. : Pourvoir a sa subsistance et a eel le 
de safarnille. — to provide for one's sap- 
per and that of one's family. 

Le roi l'a pourvu de ce charge, — the 
king invested him with that office. 

Le ciel l'a pourvu de bonnes qualites, 
—heaven has endowed him with good 
qualities. 

Ce pere a bien pourvu tous ses enfants, 
— that father has made a handsome provi- 
sion for all his children. 

II s'est pourvu de livres pour la traver- 
ser, — he has provided himself with books 
for the p issage. 
POUVOLR, VIII, 50, to be able. 

Ex. : Je ne puis vous repondre, — I can- 
not answer you. 

II attrape tout ce qu'il peut, — nothing 
comes amiss to him. 

Je fus plus de troia mois sans pouvoir 
lui parler, — it was upwards of three 
months before I could get to speak to her. 

Je n'en puis plus,— I am quite exhaust- 
ed. 

Nous nous sommes promenes a n'en 
pouvoir plus, — we walked until we were 
quite jaded. 

Je n'en puis mais, — I cannot help it. 

Cela se peut, — thht maybe. 

II peut se faire que votre projet reus- 
ssse, — your project may possibly succeed. 

Vous pouvez tout sur lui, you are om- 
nipotent with him. 

PRECEDER, Observations, page 77, 

to precede, go before, go first. 

Ex.: Ceux qui nous ont precede*, et 
ceux qui viendront apres nous. — those 
who have gone before us, and those who 
will come after us. 

Dans le chapitre qui precede, — in the 
foregoing chapter. 

La musique preceda le souper, — there 
was music before the supper. 

PREDIRE III, 19, to predict, fore- 
tell. 

Ex.: Je lui avais predit tout ce qui lui 
pst arrive, — I foretold him all that has be- 
fallen him. 

(This verb makes in the 2d pers. 
plural of the present indicative pre- 
disez and not predites.) 

PREFERER, Observations, page 

77, to prefer. 

Ex. : II prcfera de se retirer, — he chose 
rather to withdraw. 

C'est un egoiste qui se prefere a tout, — 
he is an egoist who prefers himself to any 
one. 



PREJUGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

prejudge, prejudicate. 
PRELEVER, Lever, page 81, to 

buy or raise previously; to allow, 

deduct. 
PRELIRE, V, 33, to read the first 

proof in the printing office, before 

sending a proof to the author. 
PRENDRE, VIII, 51 to take, lay 

hold of, apprehend, fetch, as- 
sume, contract, pick out, hold, 

snatch, catch, imbibe, undertake. 

Ex. : Prendre une ville d'assaut, — to 
storm a town. 

Prendre les armes, — to take up arms. 

Prendre un morceau de pain, — to eat a 
bit of bread. 

Prendre da tabac, — to take snuff. 

Prendre le plus court, — to take th.3 
shortest way. 

Prendre les devants, — to set out before 
(any one);' to get the start of (any one). 

Prendre un homme pour un autre , — to 
mistake a man for another. 

Prendre bien son temps, — to time one's 
business well. 

Prendre son parti, — to take one's resolu- 
tion. 

On m'a pris ma bourse. — some one has 
stolen my pu se. 

11 prit le pistolet de son ennemi, — he 
grasped the pistol of his enemy. 

Prendre fait et cause pour quelqu'un.— 
to undertake one's defence. 

Prendre quelqu'un sur le fait, — to catch 
one in the act. 

Prendre le pas sur quelqu'un, — to take 
precedence of some one. 

Prendre pied sur quel que chose, — to 
make a precedent of a thing. 

Prendre peine aquelque chose. — to take 
pains about a thing. 

Prendre ses jambes a son cou. — to scam- 
per off. 

Prendre la mouche, — to be angry for a 
trifle. 

Prendre son mal en patfence, — to bear 
one's ills patiently. 

II lui a pris fantaisie de faire cela, — the 
fancy took him to do that. 

lis prenaient a honneur d'y etre recus, 
— they considered it an honor to be re- 
ceived there. 

Prendre a temoin. — to call to witness. 

Prendre la bonne voie, — to follow good 
courses. 

II prend bien le sens de cet nuteur. — he 
understands that author's meaning well. 

II a bien pris ce qu'on Ini adit de vot-e 
part. — he put a right construction on the 
message you sent him. 



131 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Prendre bien ou mal une affaire, — to go 
right or wrong about a thing. 

En le prenant sur ce ton la, vous m'in- 
teressez a vous servir. — since you talk 
in that style, I am interested in your ser- 
vice. 

Prendre l'occasion par les cheveux,— to 
take time by the forelock:. 

A tout prendre, — in the main, upon an 
average. 

II en prendrait jusque sur 1'autel — he 
takes all he finds, and wherever he finds 
it. 

II en a pris sa bonne part, — he has had 
his share of it. 

II m'a pris en amitie, — he has conceived 
a friendship for me. 

Je vous y prends, — now I have you. 

II lui prit un grand t< emblement par 
tous les membres, — she was taken with a 
great trembling in all her limbs. 

Ce cheval prend quatre ans,— that horse 
is rising four years. 

II faut prendre la chose plus haut,— we 
must begin the matter farther back. 

Prenons la cas que je n'aie rien dit, — 
let us suppose that I have said nothing. 

Le feu prit hier au palais, — a fire broke 
out yesterday at the palace. 

Qui prend s' engage, — he that receives 
lays himself under an obligation. 

C'est vouloir prendre la lune avec ses 
dents, — that is aiming at impossibdities. 

II y a des plant is qui prennent ega!e- 
ment en toute sorfce de terre- , — there are 
plants that take root equally well in all 
kinds ci soils. 

Ce ragout est si epice qu'il prend a la 
gorge, — that ragout is so high-seasoned 
that it burns the throat. 

S'il lie se corrige, mal lui en prendra, 
—if he does not mend, evil will betide 
Lim. 

Si le froid dure encore deux jours la ri- 
viere prendra. — if the cold lasts two days 
longer the river will be frozen. 

Ce remede se prend par la buuche,— that 
remedy is taken inwardly. 

IJn homnie qui se noie se prend a, tout 
ce qu'il trouve, — a drowning man catches 
at every straw. 

Yous vous y prenez bien, — you go the 
right way about it. 

Se prendre de paroles avec quelqu'un, 
— to have~some words with some one. 

S'd y a du mal. prenez- vous- en a vous- 
meme, — If any thing be amiss, you may 
than.c yourself for it. 

Se prendre de vin, — to get fuddled. 

PEESAGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 
presage, forebode, portend, be- 
token. 
Ex : I! a prtsage lui-meme sa mort pro- . 



chaine, — he had himself a foreboding of 
his approaching death. 

PRESCRIRE, IV, 23, to prescribe, 

direct, order, enjoin. 

Ex : Prescrire des bornes, — to set 
bounds. 

PEEVALOIE, VIII, 52, to prevail 

over, carry it over. 

Ex. : II ne faut pas que la coutume pre- 
vale sur la raison, — custom must not pre- 
vail over reason. 

II s'est prevalu de la simpUcito de son 
adversaire, — he took advantage of his ad- 
versary's simplicity. 

Se prevaloir de sa naissance, — to pride 
in one's birth. 

PREVENIR, XI, 74, to go or come 

before, to outstrip. 

Ex. : Cette nouvelle a prevenu le cour- 
rier, — that news came before the courier. 

Je vous ai prevenu de plus d'une heure , 
— I have been here more than an hour be- 
fore you. 

Le courrier de France pri'vint celui 
d'Espagne, — the French courier got the 
start of the Spanish. 

II vous pcrdra si vous ne le prevenez — 
he will ruin you if you do not get the 
start of him. 

J'avais l'intention de demander cette 
place, on m'a prevenu, — I intended to go 
after that place, I have been anticipated. 

Dans les hommes heureusement n6s, 
la sagesse previent lage, — in men of great 
natural powers wisdom anticipates age. 

Prevenir un mal, une maladie, — to pre- 
vent an evil, a disease. 

Prevenir les objections, les difficultes, 
— to meet objections, obviate difficulties. 

Je suis bien aise que quelqu'un le piv- 

vienne en ma faveur avant que je lui 

parle. — I am glad that some one should 

| pre-engage him in my favor before I speak 

I to him. 

II m'a fait prevenir de son arrivee, — he 
sent me word that he was com.ng. 

Je vous previens d'une chose, c'est 
que . . . ., — I warn you of one thing, and 
that is 

C'est l'homme du monde qui se pre- 
vient le moins, — there is no man in the 
world less prejudiced than he is. 

Se prevenir en faveur de quelqu'u*-, — 
to be prepossessed in one's favor. 

PREVOIR, XI, 77, to foresee, pre- 
vise. 
Ex. : Je previs des lors ce qui en ar- 
riverait,— from that moment I clearly 
foresaw what would happen. 

Tout a ety prevu, — all has ben provi- 
ded against. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



l° l 



DO 



II faut tout prevoir. — we must provide 

against everything. 

PEOCKDEE, Observations, page 
77, to proceed, come, spring 

from, arise. 

Ex. : Proceder en honnete homme, — to 
behave one's self like an honest man. 
PBODUIKE, XII, 82, to produce, 

bring forth ; to produce, bear, 

yield. 

Ex. : Ces arbres produisent de beaux 
fruits, — those trees bear line fruit. 

Quand vous aurez tout fait pour le pu- 
blic, qu'est-ce que cela vous produira? — 
when you have done so much for the pub- 
lic, how will you be the better for it ? 

La guerre produitde graudmaux, — war 
is productive of great evils. 

v^'est lui qui l'a produit dans le monde, 
--it was he that first introduced him to 
the world. 

II s'est produit lui meme. — he has made 
his way in the world himself. 

PEOFEEEE, Observations, page 77, 

to utter, speak. 

Ex. : Prof erer distinctement, — to have a 
clear utterance. 

Ce furent les dernieres paroles qu'il 
prof era, — these were the last words he 
uttered. 

On ne doit pas proferer le nom de Dieu 
en vain, — we must not take the name of 
God in vain. 

PEOJETEE, Jeter, page 73, to pro- 
ject, plan, contrive, scheme. 

Ex. : Ilsresolurentd'executerle dessein 
qu'ils avaient projete. — they resolved to 
execute the design they had planned. 

Un corps qui projette son ombre sur 
un autre,. — a bed \ casting its shadow upon 
another. 
PROMENER, Observations, page 

77, to walk, parade, walk about. 

Ex. : II les a promenes dans toute la 
Till J , — he has led them all over the town. 

Promener sa vue sur une assemblee, — 
to look around on an assembly. 

Promener son esprit sur toutes les 
creatures, — to run over in one's mind all 
the works of the creation. 

II prom cue en tous lieux son inquie- 
tude, — wherever he goes he carries his 
restlessness With him. 

Je me suis proinene deux heures. — I 
have been walking tbese two hours. 

Se promener a cheval, — to ride on ho~se- 
back. 

Se promener en voiture. — to take a 
drive. 

Se promener en bateau, — to go boating. 



TJn ruisseau qui so prcmc:'.e lentement 
dan^une prairie . — a brook winding siowiy 
through a meadow. 

Mes regards se promenaient sur ces 
riches eampagnes.— my eyt>s wandered 
over those rich fields. 

Qu'il aille se promener, — let him go 
about his business. 

PEOMETTEE, V, 35, to promise, 

give hopes, engage. 

Ex. Tenir ce qu'on promet, — to keep 
one's promise. 

Pomettez-vous que vous le ferez ?— do 
you promise to do it? 

Je vous promets qu'il s'en repentira, — 
he will repent of it, I promise you. 

Ce jeune homme proim t beaucoup, — 
that is a very promising youth. 

Je n'oserais me promettre que vous me 
ferez cet honneur, — I dbre not hope that 
you will dome that honor. 

Je me promets bien de profiter de vos 
conseil*. — I seriously purpose to proht by 
your advice. 

PEOMOUYOIE, VI, 39, to pro- 
mote, prefer, raise, advance. 
Ex. : II a ete promu a la dignite de pre- 
sident de la chambre des paires, — he has 
been promoted to the dignity of speaker 
of the house of lords. 

II a ete promu a l'episcopat, — he has 
been made a bishop. 

PRONONCER, Placer, page 83, to 

pronounce, articulate. 

Ex. : II ne saurait prononcer les E, — Lo 
cannot pronounce the letter R. 

Prononcer avec feu, avec grace, — to 
have a fiery, a graceful delivery. 

Je ne me hate pas de prononcer en pa- 
reille matiere. — lam in no haste to pro- 
nounce on such a subject. 

II s'est bien p-ononc6 dans cette occa- 
sion, — he cleariy manifested his opinion 
on that occasion. 

II n'ose pas se prononcer, — he is afraid 
to speak out. 

Le peintre a trap prononce cette main, 
— the painter gave too much prominence 
to that hand. 
PROPAGEE, Arranger, page 77, 

to propagate. 

Ex. : Propager les connaissances, la foi, 
l'erreur.la verite, — to diffuse knowledg , 
to propagate the gospel, to spread error, 
truth. 

La lnmiere se propage en ligne droite, 
le son en tous sens. — light is propagated 
in a straight line, sound in all directions. 

PEOEOGEE, Arranger, page 77, 
to prorogue, prolong. 



136 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



PROSCRIBE, IV, 23, to proscribe, 

outlaw. 

Ex.: Sylla proscrivit trois ou quattre 
mille eitoyens roniains, — Sylla proscribed 
three or four thousand Roman citizens. 

Cet homme est dangereux, il faut le 
proscrire de notre societe, — that man is 
dangerous, he must be banished from 
our society. 

Ces mots ont etc proscrits depuis long- 
temps. — these words have been long since 
proscribed. 

PROSPERER, Observations, page 
77, to prosper, thrive, be pros- 
perous or successful ; to speed- 
Ex. : Son ctablissement prospire, — his 

establishment is in a thriving way. 

PROTEGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to protect, patronise, defend. 
Ex. ; Si Dieu nous protege qu'avons 
nous a eraindre ? — if God protects us, what 
have we to fear ? 

Protrger les arts, le commerce, l'agri- 
culture, les lettres, les sciences, — to pa- 
tronise the arts, commerce, agriculture, 
letters, the sciences. 
PROVENIR, XI, 74, to proceed. 

Ex.: Ceite maladie proviennent d'un 
amas d'humeurs. — that disease proceeds 
from a repletion of humors. 

Les biens qui proviennent de la succes- 
sion, — the property issuing from the suc- 
ces-ion. 

PUBLIER, Flier, page 83, to pub- 
lish, make public, proclaim. 
PURGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
purge, cleanse, clear from impu- 
rities, physic. 

Ex. : Purger sa conscience, — to purge 
one's concience. 

Purger un pays de voleurs, — to clear 
a country from thieves. 

Purger son bien de dettes, — to clear 
one's estate. 

PURIFIER, Flier, page 83, to pu- 
rify. 

Ex. : Le sang se purine par un bon re- 
gime . — the blood is purified by a whole- 
some regimen. 

Les mcenrs se purifient, — the manners 
are becoming purer. 



Q. 



QUERIR, to fetch. 

Ex. : II serait bon a aller querir la mort, 
— he would be good to go and fetch death. 



(This verb is defective: it is used 
only in the infinitive present, and 
is usually preceded by one of the 
verbs aller, venir, envoyer.) 
QUALIFIER, Flier, page 83, to 

qualify, declare, call; to treat as, 

give the character of. 

Ex. : On a qualifie de duel cette rencon-. 
tre, — that encounter has been qualified as 
a duel. 

Qualifier quelqu'un de fourbe, — to call 
one a knave. 

Les lettres du roi le qualifient prince, 
— the king's letters entitle him prince. 

II se qualifie d'ecuyer, — he assumes the 
title of squire. 



E. 



RABATTRE, XII, 81, to bring 

down, lower, beat down, lay. 

Ex. : Rabattre ses cheveux. — to bring 
one's hair down over the forehead. 

II faut beau coup rabattre du prix que 
vous demandez, — you must come down 
very much from the price you ask. 

II n'en veut rien rabattre, — he won't 
yield in the least. 

II ne veut rien rabattre de sa fierte, — he 
is as high as ever. 

Quaud vous serez au bois vous rabat- 
trez a main droite, — when you come to 
the wood you must take to the right. 

L'armi'e, apres plusieurs mouvemonts, 
se rabattit sur cctte place, — after several 
motions, the army fell back on that place. 

IL se rabattait sur la politique, — he 
would descant upon politics. 
RACHETER, Observations, page 83, 

to buy back or again ; to buy, 

purchase. 

Ex. : II avait vendu ses tableaux; mais il 
en a rachete d'autres, — he had soid his 
pictures ; but he has bought others. 

Racheter une rente, — to buy up an an- 
nuity. 

Jesus-Christ a rachete le genre humain 
par son saug, — Jesus Christ has redeem- 
ed mankind by his blood. 

Racheter ses vices par ses vertus, — to 
make up for one's vices with one's vii- 
tues. 

Ces defauts se rachetaient en lui par de 
bounes qualites, — those defects were com- 
pensated by his good qualities. 
RAMAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

chirp, warble. 
RAMENER, Observations, page 83, 



THE EEENCH VERB. 



137 



to bring again ; to take or lead 

back. 

Ex.: Je vous ramene ce jeune homme 
sain ct sauf, — I bring you back this young 
man safe and sound. 

Raniener un cheval a l'ecurie, — to lead 
a liorse back to the stable. 

La paix a ramene l'abondance, — peace 
has brought back plenty. 

Cette mesure a ramene l'ordre, — that 
measure has restored order. 
EAMIFIER, Piter, page 83, to rami- 
fy, separate in branches, branch 
, out. 

(Used also reflectively. ) 
RANGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

range, put in ranks, arrange ; to 

place or set in order, or in a row. 

Ex. : Ranger une armee en bataille, — to 
draw up an army in order of battle. 

Les gardes firent ranger le peuple, — the 
gards kept back the people. 

On se rangea pour le laisser passer, — 
they made room for him to pass. 

II se rangea dans un coin, — he drew 
aside into a corner. 

Rangez-vous done, — fall back, make 
room. 

C'etaitunlibertin; mais il s'est range, 
— he was a libertine; but he is reformed. 

Rangez-vous autour du feu,— take your 
places round the fire. 

Pe ranger du parti de quelqu'un, — to 
side with one. 

RAPIECER, Placer, page 79, to 

piece, patch, botch. 
RAPPELER, Appeler, page 69, to. 

call again, call over and over, re- 
call. 

Ex : Je l'ai appele et rappele sans qu'il 
aitrepondu, — I have called him and re- 
called him without receiving any answer. 

II ne vous a pas entendu, rappelez-le, — 
he has not heard you, call him again. 

Je m'en allais, et il me rappela, — I was 
going away, and he called me back. 

La-dessus il les quitta brusquement; 
mais la reflexion le rappela sur ses pas, — 
here he left them abruptly; but upon sec- 
ond thoughts he returned again. 

Rappeler quelqu'un a l'ordre. — to call 
any one to order. 

Ce vin rappelle son buveur. — this wine 
induces one to drink it. 

Je rappelai mon courage, — I summoned 
all my courage. 

Sa mauvaise conduite est cause qu'on 
l'a rappele. — his bad conduct was the 
cause of his being recalled. 



Ne rappelons pas le passe, — let us not 
think of the past. 

Quand il est dans cet etat il ne saurait 
rappeler ses idees, — when he is in that 
state he cannot recollect himself. 

Rappeler quelque chose au souvenir de 
quelqu'un, — to remind someone of some- 
thing. 

Rappelez-moi a, son souvenir, — remem- 
ber me to him. 

II avait oublie l'affaire, je lui en ai rnp- 
pele la memoire, — he had forgotten the 
circumstance, I reminded him of it. 

Rappeler dans sa memoire ; — to trace 
back in one's memory. 

Vous rappe lez-vous ce fait ? — do you re- 
member that fact ? 

Je me le rappelle parfaitement, — I re- 
member it perfectly. 

Je me rappelle que vous me l'avez dit, 
— I remember that you told me that. 

Je ne me rappelle pas de vous en avoir 
donne la cbmmission, — I do not remem- 
ber having given you the errand. 

RASSASIER, Tiler, page 83, to sa- 
tisfy, glut, fill, sate, satiate, sur- 
feit. 
Ex. : II faudra des chose dont on ne 

mange guere, et qui rassasient d'abord, 

— there must be such things as people 

eat little of, and that cloy them imme- 
diately. 
J'en sui rassasie. — I am tired of it. 
II a des desirs qu'oh ne peut rassasier, 

— he has desires that cannot be satisfied. 
II n'est jamais rassasie d'argent, — he 

can never have enough money. 
Apres les grandes choses qu'il a faites, il 

devrait &tre rassasie de gloire. — after the 

great things he has achieved he must be 

tired of glory, 
lis sont rassasies Pun de l'autre, — they 

are tired of each other. 

II a trouve ce mets a son gout, et il s'en 

est rassasie. — he liked that dish, and took 

a surfeit of it. 
II faut craindre de se rassasier de plai- 

sirs, — we must beware of sating ourselves 

with pleasures. 

RASSEOIR, IX, 60, to seat again, 
reseat. 
Ex. : Rasseoir une statue sur sa base. — 

to replace a statue on its base. 
Rasseoir un fer au pied d'un cheval, — 

to fasten a shoe on a horse's foot. 

Donnez-lui le temps de rasseoir son 

esprits, — give him time to collect himself. 
Laissez rasseoir ce cafe, — let that coffee 

se RASSEOIR, I, 4, to sit down 



138 



THE FEENCH VERB. 



EASSEEENEE, Observations, page 
77, to make serene, clear up the 
weather ; to clear up, smooth. 
Ex. : En apprenant cette nouvelle son 

front se rasserena. — when he heard that 

news his brow cleared up. 

EATELEE, Appeler, page 69, to 
. rake. 

RATIFIES, Flier, page 83, to ra- 
tify, confirm. 
EATTEINDEE, X, 67, to catch or 
take again; to overtake. 
Ex. : Le prisonnier s'etait echappe, on 
est parvenu a Je ratteindre. — the pris- 
oner had escaped, they succeeded in re- 
taking him. 

EAVAGEE, Arranger, page 77, to 
ravage, lay waste, overrun, ran- 
sack. 
Ex. : Les ennemis ravagerent toute la 

province, — the enemies overran the whole 

province. 

Ravager un jardin, une maison, une bi- 

bliotheque, — to strip a garden, ransack a 

house, a library. 

EAYEE, Payer, page 85, to streak, 

make streaks or lines ; to scratch. 

Ex. : Rayer de la vaisselle en la nettoy- 
ant — to scratch plate in cleaning it. 

Rayer le papier avec le crayon pour 
ecrire droit. — to rule paper with a pencil 
to write straight. 

Rayer ce mot-la, — strike out that word. 

EEADMETTEE, Y, 35, to read- 
mit. 
EEBATTEE, XII, 81, to beat, 
beat again or over again. 
Ex. : Rebattre les cartes, — to .re-shuffle 
the cards. 

II ne fait que rebattre sans ces=e les 
memes choses. — he does nothing but re- 
peat the same thing over and over. 

J'en ai les oreillesrebattu.es , — I am sick 
with hearing it so often. 

EECELEE, Observations, page 77, 
to conceal, receive stolen goods. 
Ex.: Receler un voleur, — to harbor a 

thief. 

EECHANGEE, Arranger, page 77, 
to change again. 

EECHAEGEE, Arranger, page 77, 
to charge or load again; to re- 
charge, reload ; to charge (the 
enemy) again, to charge or en- 
join anew. 



EECLUEE, to shut up, confine, 

cloister up. 

Ex. : Reclure un penitent, un religieux, 
— to shut up a penitent, a monk. 

Se reclure dans une cellule, — to shut 
one's self up in a cell. 

(This verb is used only in the in- 
finitive and in the past participle. ) 
EECOMMENCEE, Placer, page 

79, to recommence, begin again, 

begin afresh, begin anew, to re- 
new. 

Ex.: II recommence ses violences, — he 
renews his violences. 

II recommencait a batir, — he was begin- 
ning to build again 

Recommencer de plus bePe, or sur de 
nouveaux frais , — to begin again with fre^h 
vigor. 

EECONDUIEE, XII, 82, to wait 

upon (any one); to show (any 

one) out. 

Ex. : Je vous laisse aller sans vous re- 
con duire. — I leave you without showing 
you down again. 

II a reconduit cette dame jusqu'a sa 
voiture, — he handed that lady to her car- 
riage. 

Vous me paraissez un pen malade, je 
vais voas reconduire dans ma voiture. — 
you seem to be rather unwell, I will take 
you home in my carriage. 

Je vous ferai reconduire par mon do- 
mestique, — I will send my servant ba^k 
with you. 

II vous l'a reconduit en un clin d'oei 1 . — 
he sent him about his business in an ins- 
tant. 

EECONNAITEE, VII, 45, to recog- 
nise; to know again. 

Ex. : J'ai reconnu ma voiture au bruit 
qu'elle faisait. — I kaew my carriage by 
the noise it made. 

Je ne le reconnais plus, — he has grown 
so much that I do not know him. 

II a t te reconnu a une balafre qu'il avait 
au front, — he was recognised by a scar on 
his forehead. 

Se faire reconnal re, — to make one's 
self known. 

On a reconnu sa trahison, — his treach- 
ery was discovered. 

Ill'a reconnu pour son parent, — he ac- 
knowledged him for his relation. 

Je reconnais avoir eu tort en cette oc- 
casion, — I acknowledge I was wrong on 
that occasion. 

II reconnait qu'il a eu tort, — he con- 
fesses he was in fault. 

I! a pour moi des bontes que je ne puis 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



139 



assez reconnaitre, — I shall never be able 
to show myself gratetul enough lor his 
generosity toward me. 

II a fort nial reconnu les bons offices 
que je lui ai rendus, — he has very poorly 
repaid the good offices I did him. 

On envoy a do la cavalerie pour recon- 
naitre les denies. — they sent some cavalry 
to reconnoitre the defiles. 

II se reconnait dans son fils, — he sees 
himself in his son. 

Je commence a me reconnaitre ici, — I 
be_iin to know where I am. 

Voyez quel brouillard il fait, on a de la 
peine a s'y reconnaitre, — see what a fog 
there is, one can scarcely find one's way. 

Ce manuscrit est si plein de ratures que 
je ne puis plus m'y reconnaitre, — this 
manuscript is so full of erasures that I can 
hardly make it out. 

II etaittombe en faiblesse, et quand il 
vint a se reconnaitre. . . ., — he had faint- 
ed away, and when he came to himself.... 

II fut surpris et n'eut pas le temps de 
se reconnaitre, — he was taken by surprise 
and had not time to recollect himself. 

II eut le temps de se reconnaitre et de 
demander pa 'don au ciel de s'etre ote 
lui-meme la vie, — he had time to repent 
and to ask pardon of heaven for having 
taken away his own life. 

EECONQUfiEIE, I, 2, to conquer 
again, reconquer. 
Ex.: Jereconquis enfin son amitie, — I 

at last won back his friendship. 

EECONSTEUIRE, XII, 82, to re- 
construct ; to build again, re- 
build. 

EECOPIEE, Pller, page 83, to copy 
again, recopy. 

EECOUDEE, II, 11, to sew again; 
to stitch again. 

EECOUEIE, II, 12, to run again; 
to have recourse ; to fly for help. 
Ex. : II faut recourir a Dieu dans rfflic- 

tion,— we must have recourse to God in 

our afflictions. 
Recourir au medecin, — to send for a 

physician. 

EECOUVEIE, VII, 43, to cover 
again; to cover, mask, hide. 
Ex : Le temp3 se recouvre, — the sky is 

growing dark again. 

seEECEIEE, Plier, page 83, to 
utter an exclamation of surprise 
or astonishment; to express sur- 
prise, wonder, astonishment. 
Ex. : II ne put entendre une proposition 

Biiiijuste sans se re-jrier, — he could not 



hear so unjust a proposal without express- 
ing his astonishment. 

IL n'y a pas de quoi se recrier, — there i3 
nothing to excite our winder. 

Tout le monde s'est recrie contrc cette 
audacieuso assertion, — everybody ex- 
claimed against that audacious assertion. 

EECEIEE, IY, 23, to write again, 

rewrite; to write over again. 
EECEOITEE, III, 15, to grow 

again ; to grow or become larger. 
EECTIFIEE, Flier, page 83, to 

rectify, set to rights; to mend, 

reform. 

Ex. : Les idees se rectifient par la re- 
flexion. — ideas are improved by reflexion. 

EECUIEE, XII, 82, to cook or do 

over again; to bake. 
EEDEBATTEE, XII, 81, to debate 

again. 

EEDEFAIEE, IY, 26, to undo 
again. 

EEDELIBEEEE, Observations, 
page 77, to deliberate upon again, 
take again into consideration, 
consider again, reconsider. 
EEDEYENIE, XI, 74, to become 
again, grow again. 
Ex. : II redevient aussi puissant que 
jamais, — he is becoming as powerful as 
ever again. 

La Terre-Saint redevint sous la domi- 
nation de ses anciens maitres, — the Boly 
Land returned under the dominion of its 
former possessors. 

EEDEYOIE, III, 18, to remain in 
one's debt; to owe still; to owe 
again. 

Ex. : Voua me redevez dix dollars, — 
you remain ten dollars in my debt. 

EEDIGEE, Arranger, .page 77, to 

write, write down or" out, commit 

to writing, reduce to writing, 

draw up. 

Ex. : II faudrait rediger cela en style 
plus simple et plus clair, — that should ba 
written in a simpler and clearer style. 

Rediger le proces-verbal d'une seance, 
— to draw up the minut s of a meeting. 

Rediger la deposition d?s timoins, — 
to take down the deposition of witnesses. 

Rediger un journal,— to edit a news- 
paper. 

Cet article a ete redige- par un tel. — 
this article was written by such a une . 



140 



THE FRENCH YEEB. 



REDIRE, III, 19, to say or tell 
over again, repeat. 

Ex. : II redit toujours la meme chose, 
he is always saying the same thing over 
and over again. 

Cet echo redit distincternent quatre syl- 
labes —this echo repeats distinctly four 
syllables. 

II va redire tout ce qu'on lui dit, — he 
blabs every thing that is told him. 

II n'y a riena redire a cet ouvrage, — 
there is no fault to be found with that 
work. 

On trouve a redire que vous ayez fait 
cela, — they blame you for having done 
that. 

II trouve a redire a tout ce qu'on fait, 
— he finds fault with every thing that is 
done 

II y a beaucoup a, redire a, ce compte . — 
there is much to be changed in that ac- 
count. 

II n'y a rien a redire a sa conduite, — 
there is nothing amiss in his conduct. 

Je n'y trouve rici a redire, — I see no- 
thing to find fault with in it. 

REDISSOUDRE, I, 1, to dissolve 
again. 

(See DISSOTJDKE.) 

REDORMIR, III, 20, to sleep 
again. 

REDUIRE, XII, 82, to reduce; to 

drive; to reduce, compel, oblige. 

Ex. : Reduire quelqu'un a lamendicite, 
— to reduce one to beggary. 

On l'a reduit a demander pardon, — he 
was compelled to beg pardon. 

Reduire quelqu'un au petit pied, — to 
reduce one to straits. 

Alexandre reduisit toute l'Asie sous ses 
lois, — Alexander brought all Asia under 
subjugation to his laws. 

Reduire uue ville en poudre, — to des- 
troy a city utterly. 

Ill'a reduit en poudre, — he has non- 
plussed him 

Reduire des francs en dollars, — to re- 
duce francs to dollars. 

Reduire son avis. — to sum up one's 
opinion. 

Reduire une sauce, — to boil down a 
sauce. 

Ce sirop se reduit a, la moitie avant 
d'etre cuit, — this syrup is reduced to the 
half before it is sufficiently boiled. 

II s'est reduit a la plus stricte econo- 
mie, — be has reduced himself to the strict- 
est economy. 

La jeunesse no se reduit pas aiseinent, 
—youth is not easily brought under. 



Tous ses projets se sont reduits a rien, 
— all his projects ended in nothing. 

Tout ce discou'S se reduit a prouver 

que , — the end of all that talk is to 

prove that 

Tout son transport se reduisit a lui dire 
des injures, — the upshot of his passion 
was to call him names. 

REELIRE, V, 33, to re-elect, elect 
again. 

REF ALLLIR, IY, 25, to fail again. 

REFAIRE, IY, 26, to do again, do 

over again, remake. 

Ex. : Refaire le voyage d'ltalie, — to take 
another trip into Italy. 

II y a toujours a refaire a cette montre, 
— there is always something to mend in 
that watch. 

Si c'etait a refaire, je ne le ferais pas, — 
if I had to do it still, I would not do it. , 

Avec cet homme-la on n'a jamais fmi, 
c'est toujours a refaire, — wi h that man 
one never has done, one has always to 
begin again. 

Le bon air refait un malade, — good air 
refreshes a sick person. 

REFERER, Observations, page 77, 

to refer, carry over. 

Ex. : II en fautreferer la gloire a Dieu, 
— we must ascribe the glory of it to God. 

II faut en referer a la chambre . — a re- 
port of it must be made to the house. 

Cette note se refere a tel endroit du 
texte, — that note refers to such a place in 
the text. 

REFLETER, Completer, page 75, 

to reflect; to throw tke light (on 

an object). 
REFLEURIR, IY, 28, to blossom 

again, bloom again, flower again. 
befleubir, Y, 29, to flourish again 

or anew, reflourish, revive. 

Ex. : II s'appliqua a faire refieurir le 
commerce qui languissait tous les jours 
de plus en plus, — he applied himself to the 
reviving of commerce, which languished 
more and more every day. 

REFORGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to forge over again. 

REFRENER, Observations, page 77, 
to refrain, restrain, curb, repress, 
bridle. 
Ex : Refrener ses passions, sa colere, 

ses desirs, — to curb one's passions, one's 

anger, one's desires. 

se REFUGIER, Plier, page 83, to 



THE FRENCH YEEB. 



141 



take refuge; to fly for refuge or 

shelter; to retire. 

Ex. : II s'est refugie dans cette ville, — 
he has taken refuge ia that city. 

II se refugie dans des equivoques pour 
echapper a la verite quile presse. — he has 
recourse to equivocations to escape the 
truth which pursues him. 

L'homme vertueux, accuse par le 
monde, se refugie dans sa conscience, — 
the virtuous man, accused by the world, 
takes refuge in his own conscience. 

BE GLEE, Observations, page 77, 

to rule ; to regulate. 

Ex.: Regler sa vie, — to regulate one's 
life. 

Cet eveque a bien regie son diocese, — 
that bishop has well regulated his diocese. 

Regler ses affaires, — to settle one's af- 
fairs. 

Regler une pendule, — to set a clock. 

Se regler sur la vertu, — to be guided by 
virtue. 

Se regler sur quelque chose, — to take 
anything for a guide. 

Reglez-vous la-dessus, — take your mea- 
sures accordingly. 

Je ne me regie pas sur cela, — I don't go 
by that rule. 

EEGOEGEE, Arranger, page 77, 

to overflow, run over, run out. 

Ex. : Les ruines de ce pant on fait re- 
gorger la riviere,— the ruins of this bridge 
have caused the river to overflow. 

Faire regorger a quelqu'un ce qu'il s'est 
indument approprie, — to make one give 
up what he has unduly appropriated. 

Cette province regorge de ble, — that 
province abounds in grain. 

Tandi3 que vous regorgez il est dans la 
misere, — whilst you are rolling in opu- 
lence he is in misery. 

EEITEEEE, Observations, page 77, 

to reiterate, iterate, repeat. 
EE JETER, Jeter, page 73, to throw 

again, throw back ; to reject. 

Ex.: Renvoyez-moi la balle, je vous la 
rejetterai, — send me back the ball, I will 
send it to you again. 

Comme il n'avait pris que du petit pois- 
son, il le rejeta dans la riviere, — as he 
had caught nothing but small fish, he 
threw it into the river again. 

Rejeter les notes a la tin du volume, — 
leave the notes for the end of the volume. 

II faut rejeter cette dt'pense sur le 
compte de l'annee prochaine. — this ex- 
penditure must be carried to next year's 
account. 

Cet arbre rejette par le pied,— that tree 



shoots, or sprouts, new branches at the 
foot. 

II a rejete toutes les offres qu'on lui 
faisait, — he rejected all the offers made to 
him. 

J'ai rejete bien loin les propositions 
qu'il m'a faites, — I spurned the proposals 
he made me. 

Ne rejetons jamais sur la sagesse les 
fautes des sages, — let us not cast upon 
wisdom the faults of the wise. 
EEJOINDEE, Y, 32, to rejoin, join 

again ; to bring, put, set or get 
together again. 

Ex : Allez faire votre visite, je vous re- 
joindrai au theatre, — go and pay your 
visit, I will join you at the theatre. 

La fortune a pris soin de nous rejoindre 
ici, — fortune has thought proper to bring 
us together here. 

Ce corps de troupes va rejoindre Par- 
nate . — this body of troops is going to re- 
join the army. 

II nous rejoignit a Orleans, — he came 
up with us at Orleans. 

Les deux parties de l'os se sont re- 
jointes, — the two parts of the bone have 
joined again. 

Nous nous rejoindrons a Paris, — we 
shall meet again in Paris. 
EELANCEE, Placer, page 79, to 

rouse, disturb. 

Ex. : Ce general a pu relancer l'enemi, 
— that general has been enabled to beat 
back the enemy. 

Relancer quelqu'un, — to give one a 
smart reply; to give one as good as he 
sent. 

EELAYEE, Payer, page 85, to re- 
lieve. 

Ex : On envoyait de deux heures en 
deux heures cinquante hommes pour re- 
layer ceux qui travaillaient. — they sent 
every two hours fifty men to relieve those 
that were working. 

Vous ne sauriez faire une si grande 
traite en un jour sansrelayer, — you could 
not perform so long a journey ia one day 
without taking fresh horses. 

EELEGUEE, Observations, page 

77, to relegate, banish ; to send 

off ; consign. 

Ex. : lis furent tous relegues dans une 
ile, — they were a'l banished to an island. 

II a relegue sa femme a la campagne, — 
he has sent his wife off to the country. 

On a relegue ce portrait dans une anti- 
chambre, — that portrait has been consign- 
ed to an anteroom. 

La piete et la vertu, baunies des villes, 
sont releguee3 aux choitres,— piety and 



142 



TIE FRENCH VERB. 



virtue, banished from the towns, have 
found an asylum in cloisters. 

Ii s'est relegue dans ses terres,— he has 
shut himself up in his country house. 
RELEVER, Lever, page 81, to raise, 
again, lift again, lift up again. 

Ex. : Cet heritage l'a bien releve, — that 
inheritance has set him on his feet again. 

Relever le courage, les espcrances de 
quelqu'un, — to raise one's drooping cour- 
age, to revive one's hopes. 

Les pierreries relevaient sa beaute, — 
the jewels heightened her beauty. 

Son merite personnel releve bien sa 
dignite, — his personal merit adds new 
lustre to his dignity. 

II faut que le sty le soit simple , mais non 
sans quelque agrement qui le releve, — the 
style should be plain, but not without 
some ornament to set it off. 

Vous relevez trop le peu que j'ai fait, — 
you make too much of the little I did. 

II se plait a r< lever les beautes d'un 
ouvrage, au lieu d'en faire remarquer les 
defauts, — he takes pleasure in noticing 
the beauties of a work, instead of remark- 
ing its defects. 

Nous avons releve une faute de gram- 
maire grossiere, — we discoursed upon an 
egregious grammatical error. 

Le vinaigre, le jus de citron relevent 
une sauce, — vinegar, lemon juice give a 
relish to a sauce. 

On releva les entrees par des rots et des 
entremets delicats, — the first course was 
relieved by roasts and delicate sidedishes. 

Se faire relever de ses vceux, — to get 
liberated from one's vows. 

Relever de maladie, — to be just recov- 
ered from sickness. 

Apres m'etre couche pour la seconde 
fois, je me suis releve a quatre heures, — 
after having gone to bed for the second 
time, I got up again at four o'clock. 

Cette monarchie s'etait relevee de ses 
malheurs, — that monarchy had retrieved 
its losses. 

Nous nous relevons d'heure en heure, 
— we relieve each other every hour. 
RELIER, Plier, page 83, to tie 

again; to bind (a book). 
RELUIRE, V, 34, to shine, glitter, 

glisten. 

Ex. : Tout ce qui reluit n'est pas or, — 
all is not gold that glitters. 

L'esperance commenca a reluire au 
fond de mon cceur , — hope began to dawn 
again in the bottom of my heart. 

La vertu reluit davantage dans l'adver- 
site, — virtue shines brighter in adversity. 

REMANGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to eat again. 



REMANIER, Plier, page 83, to 
handle again; to repair, retouch; 
to do over again. 
Ex. : Remanier la couverture d'une 

maison, — to repair the roof of a house. 

REMBLAYER, Payer, page 85, to 
fill up with carried earth. 

REMEDIER, Plier, page 83, to re- 
remedy or cure. 

Ex. : Remedier aux inconvenients, — to 
remedy inconveniences. 

On ne saurait y remedier, — that can't 
be helped. 

Le desespoir ne remedie a. rien, — des- 
pair is no help. 

REMENER, Observations, page 83, 
to take, bring, carry or lead back. 
REMERCIER, Plier, page 83, to 
thank, give or return thanks. 

Ex.: Remercier Dieu de ses bienfaits, 
— to thank God for his favors. 

Je yous remercie, — I thank you. 

Je vous remercie de la bonte que vous 
avez eue pour moi, — I thank you for your 
kindness to me. 

II voulait me donner cet emploi, je Ten 
ai remercie, — he wanted to give me that 
office, but I begged to be excused from 
accepting it. 

REMETTRE, Y, 35, to put back; 
to put up or down again ; to set 
or lay again. 

Ex. : Remettez ce livre a s# place, — put 
that book back again in its place. 

Sans cesse il lui remettait devant les 
yeux les vertus et les grandes actions de 
ses aocetres, — he was continually laying 
before his eyes the virtues and heroic ac- 
tions of his ancestors. 

Je vous remets, — I recollect you. 

Remettre en possession, — to reinstal, 
to put in possession again. 

C'est l'usage du lait qui l'a remis,— it 
was a milk diet that cured him. 

On a eu de la peine a la remettre de la 
frayeur qu'elle a eue, — they had a great 
deal of trouble to recover her from the 
fright she was in. 

Remettre une lettre a son adresse, — to 
deliver a letter to its address. 

Remettre de l'argent, — to remit money. 

Remettre d'un jour a. l'autre, — to put 
off from day to day. 

On a remis la partie a demain,— the 
party has been put off till to-morrow. 

II n'y a que Dieu qui ait le p uvoir de 
remettre le peches. — God alone has the 
power to remit sins. 

Je remets cela a votre disposition, — I 
leave that to your discretion. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



143 



Remettre tine chose a la decision de 
quelqu'un. — to refer something to some 
one's decision. 

Se remettre au travail . — to set to work 
again. 

Se remettre en route, — to set out aga'n. 

Eemettez-vous tout-u,-fait entre les 
mains de la Providence. — 

EEMMENEE, Observations, page 
83, to take or cany back. 

EEMOUDEE, VII, 37, to grind 
again. 

REMOUEIE, YI, 38, to die again. 
Ex. : Martha et Marie, sceurs de Lazare, 
l'ont vu remourir lorsque le Christ l'eut 
arrache une premiere fois an tombeau. — 
Martha and Mary, the sisters of Lazarus, 
saw him die again, after Christ had raised 
him up from the dead. 

REMPLACER, Placer, page 79, to 

replace, succeed, take the place 

of. 

Ex. : Yous le remplacerez pendant son 
absence, — you will nil his place during his 
absence. 

Se f lire remplacer, — to get a substitute. 

II est dirndl de remplacer un tel minis- 
tre. — it is hard to find a person of suffi- 
cient abilities to replace such a minister. 

EEMUNEEEE, Observations, page 

77, to remunerate. 
EENFOECEE, Placer, page 79, to 

reinforce, strengthen, 
se kexforcek, to gather strength ; 

to recruit one's self ; to grow 

stronger; to be reinforced. 
seEEXGOEGEE, Arranger, page 

77, to bridle up. 

Ex : Voyez comme elle se rengorge de- 
puis qu'elle a sarobe neuv , — see how she 
bridles up since she got her new dress. 

EENGEEGEE, Arranger, page 77, 

to irritate, exasperate; to make 

worse. 

Ex. : Rengreger sa douleur, — to aggra- 
vate one's sorrow, or pain. 
EENIEE, Plier, page 83, to deny, 

disown. 

Ex. : Saint-Pierre renia son maitre par 
trois fois,— Peter denied hio> master three 
titr es. 

II est renie de Dieu et des hommes, — 
he is disowned by God and men. 
RENONCER, Placer, page 79, to 

renounce, give up, disclaim, 

waive; to forego. 



Ex. : Eenoncer un privilege, — to waive 
a privilege. 

Eenoncer a, sa foi, a sa religion, — to re- 
nounce one's faith, one's r ligion. 

J'ai du renoncer a lui faire entendre 
raison . — I had to give up all hope of bring- 
ing him to listen to reason. 

S ille f.dt, je le renonce pour mon fils, 
— if he does it. I disown him for my son. 

Renoncer a Satan et a ses pompes, — to 
renounce the devil and all his works. 
RENTE AIRE, X, 69, to finedraw; 

to darn. 
RENVOYER, Payer, page 85, to 

send again; to send away, dis- 
miss ; to send back again. 

Ex. : On a renvoye le courrier deux 
heures apre3 son arrive, — the courier 
was sent off again two hours after his ar- 
rival. 

Renvoyer un domestique, — to dis- 
charge, or turn away a servant. 

II me renvoya a son avocat, — he refer- 
red me to his lawyer. 

Remettre aux calendes grecques, — to 
put off lor ever. 

REPAITRE, VII, 44, to feed, bait, 

eat. (Little used in this sense. ) 

To feed. 

Ex. : II faut repaitre ces animaux, — 
th^se animals must be fed. 

II se repait d'esperances vaines, — he 
lives on vain hopes. 

II repait son imagination de toutes 
sortes de plaisirs, — he feasts his imagina- 
tion with all sorts of pleasures. 

EEPARAITRE, VII, 45, to appear 
again ; to show one's self again. 

EEPAYEE, Payer, page, 85, to re- 
pay; to pay again, or a second 

time. 
EEPEINDEE, X, 67, to paint over 

again, 
se EEPENTIE, IX, 59, to repent; 

to rue. 

Ex.: II s'en repentira, — he will repent 
it. 
EEPEECER, Placer, page 79, to 

pierce again. 
EEPLACEE, Placer, page 79, to 

replace, 
EEPLIEE, Plier, page 83, to fold 

again ; to wind, twist, writhe. 

Ex. : En repliant cette etoffe, remettez- 
la dans les memos plis, — when you fold 
up that cloth, put it in the same folds. 

Se replier sur soi-meme, — to turn short 



144 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



round ; to fold one's self up: to turn one's 
thoughts inwardly. 

L'arcnee se replia sur . — the army 

fell back on .... 

EEPLONGEE, Arranger, page 77, 
to plunge again. 

EEPEENDEE, VIII, 51, to take 

again, retake. 

Ex. : Keprendre le chemin de Valence, 
—to set out again on the road to Valencia. 

Keprendre a son service un ancien do- 
mestique, — to take an old servant. 

Keprendre ses habits d'hiver, — to take 
back to oue's winter clothing again 

On ne m'y reprendra plus, — I will not 
be caught at that again. 

Keprendre ses forces, — to recover, or 
pick up one's strength again. 

Keprendre ses esprits, — to recover one's 
self. 

Keprendre un discourse, — to resume a 
discourse. 

Keprendre quelqu'un, — to reprove, re- 
primand, rebuke, reprehend any one. 

II trouve a reprendre dans les meilleurs 
ouvrages,— he finds fault with the best 
works. 

La fievre l'a repris, — the fever has taken 
him again. 

Tres-bien, reprit-il, — very well, replied 
he. 

Le froid reprend, — the cold is return- 
ing. 

Se reprendre, — to recollect one's self; 
to correct one's self; to be caught again. 

EEPEODUIEE, XII, 82, to repro- 
duce. 

Ex. : II commence a se reproduire dans 
le moncle, — he is beginning to show him- 
self in the world again. 

EEQUEEIE, I, 2, to request, beg; 

to require. 
EESOUDEE, YIII, 54, to resolve, 

reduce, turn, convert; to solve; 

to dissolve. 

Ex. : Resoudre un probleme, — to solve 
a problem. 

A-t-on resolu la paix ou la guerre ? — has 
peace or war been decided upon ? 

On ne saurait le resoudre a faire cette 
demarche, — he cannot be brought to take 

that Step. 

A quoi vous resolvez-vous ? — what have 
you made up your miud to do. 

Je ne saurais m'y resoudre, — I cannot 
find in my heart to do it. 

EESSENTIE, IX, 59, to feel. 

Ex.: Je ressens comme je le dois les 
obligations que je vous ai, — I have a deep 



sense of the obligations that I owe you, 
or which you have laid on me. 

II se ressentira longtemps des debau- 
ches de sa jeunesse, — he will for a long 
time feel the evil effects of the debauch- 
eries of his youth. 

Se ressentir d'une injure, — to resent 
an injury. 
EESSOETIE, IX, 62, to go out 

again. 

Ex. : Cette broderie bleuo ressort bien 
sur ce fond jaune, — that blue embroidery 
shows well on the yellow ground. 
EESSOUYENIE, XI, 7-1 to call to 

mind, recollect, remember ; to 

think upon. 

Ex. : Faire ressouvenir, — to put in mind; 
to remind. 

(This verb is sometimes used uni- 
personally as;) A pre'sent il m'en 
ressouvient, now I recollect it. 

Vous en ressouvient-il ? do you 
remember it ? 
EESTEEINDEE, X, 67, to restrain; 

to bind; to be astringent; to re- 
strict. 
EETENIE, X, 68, to retain; to de- 
duct; to keep back; to get hold 
of again. 

Ex. : Je voudrais reienir l'argent que je 
lui ai prete, — I wish had back the money 
I lent him. 

Ketenir les gages d'un domestique, — to 
withhold a servant's wages. 

Pose sept et retiens deux, — put down 
seven and carry two. 

Ketenir date, — to name a day (for any- 
thing). 

Ketenir une voiture, — to engage a car- 
riage. 

Je retiens part! — halves ! 

II ne saurait retenir sa langue, — he can- 
not bridle his tongue. 

II retientles vers qu'il a entendus,— he 
remembers the verses he heard, 
se KETENiB, to forbear; to contain 

one's self. 
EETEACEE, Placer, page 79, to 

retrace ; to draw again. 

Ex.: Je m'en retrace i)arfaitement ]'j. 
mage,— I recall a perfect picture of it to 
my mind. 

Ce te a venture de ma jeunesse ee re- 
traca tout a coup dans mon esprit, — hat 
adventure of my youth rushed into mind. 
EEVENIE, XI, 74, to come again; 

to come back, come back again. 

Ex : Le temps, la jeunesse, la beaute, 



THE FBENOH VERB. 



145 



les plaisirs passent et ne reviennentplus. 
— time, ■■ youth, beauty, pleasures pass 
away never to return. 

Kevenir d'une maladie, — to recover 
from a fit of sickness. 

Kevenir a soi. — to come to one's self. 

II ne revient jamais, — lie cannot be per- 
suaded. 

Revenir de ses prejuges, — to shake off 
one's prejudices. 

Kevenir de ses erreurs — to be weaned, 
or reclaimed from one's errors. 

Kevenir sur ce qu'on avait dit, — to re- 
call what one has said. 

Kevenir a soi, — to mend one's ways. 

Quand on m'a fait de ces tours, je n'en 
reviens pas. — I never forgive such tricks. 

Votre per sonne lui revient. — your per- 
son is to her liking. 

Ce qui revient au meme. — which is the 
same thing. 

Cet habit revient a quarante piastres, — 
this coat stands me in $i0. 

Le vin fait revenir le cceur, — wine 
cheers the heart. 

REVERER, Observations, page 77, 

to revere ; to reverence ; to honor. 
REVIVIFIER, Flier, page 83, to 

revive; to bring to life again; to 

revivify, reviyiiicate. 
REVIVRE, XI, 76, to revive; tore- 
turn tc life, come to life again. 

Ex.: pour revivre a la grace, il faut 
mourir au peche, — to live to grace, we 
must die to sin. 
REVOIR, XI, 77, to see again: to 

revise, review, look over again, 

re-examine. 
RINCER, Placer, page 79, to rinse; 

to wash; to drench. 
RIRE, VIII, 55, to laugh. 

Ex. : Se chatouiller pour se faire rire, — 
to do all one can to laugh. 

Elle se rit de vous a votre nez, — she 
laughs at you to your face. 
RONGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

gnaw, nibble, pick; to waste; to 

waste away. 

Ex. : Un homme ronge de soucis, — a 
man eaten up with care. 

Se ronger le coeur. — to fret one's self. 
RUDOYER, Payer, page 85, to use 

roughly or harshly. 

s. 

SACCAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 
sack, ransack, pillage. 



SACRIFIER, Pller, page 83, to 
sacrifice ; to make offerings. 

SAILLIR, VIII, 56, to project, jut. 

SAILLIR, IX, 57, to gush, spout 
out; to leap, cover. 

SALARIER, Pller, page 83, to sa- 
lary, pay, reward; to hire. 

SANCTIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 
sanctify, make holy, hallow. 

SATISFAIRE, IV, 26 to satisfy; 
to discharge (a debt) ; to satisfy, 
content, please; to humor. 

se satisfaire, to satisfy one's self; 
indulge one's self. 

SAVOIR, IX, 58, to know, have 
knowledge of, be aware of. 
Ex. : Tout se sait, — everything is known. 
II n'y a pas de nouvelles que je sache, 

— there is no news that I know of. 

II sait son pain manger, — he knows 

what he is about 

Cet homme-la sait, — that is a man of 

knowledge. 

Je ne saurais le faire. — I cannot do it. 
Je ne saurais qu'y faire, — I cannot help 

it 
II y en avait six, a savoir: trois blancs, 

et trois bleus, — there were six, namely: 

three white, and three blue. 

SCARIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 
scarry. 

SCIER, Plier, page 83, to savr; to 
reap or shear. 

SECHER, Observations, page 77, 
to dry; to wither; to parch. 

SEDUIRE, XII, 82, to seduce; to 
delude, beguile; to mislead; to 
decoy; to bewitch; to win. 

SEMER, Observations, page 83, to 
sow (seed); to spread. propagate, 
scatter; to strew, sprinkle, inter- 
sperse. 

SEMONCER, Placer, page 79, to 
scold; to lecture. 

SENTIR, IX, 59, to feel, be sensi- 
ble of; to find; to smell. 
Ex. : II sent comme il faut le bien qu'on 

lui fait. — he has a due sense of the kind- 
ness done to him. 
II ne sent pas les affronts, — he is not 

sensible of affronts. 
Ce vin sent le fut, — this wine tastes of 

the cask. 
Je le sentis venir de loin, — I perceived 

what he was at. 



146 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Son haleine sent, — he has a bad breath. 

Cette viande commence a sentir, — that 
meat is beginning to smell. 

II ne se sentait pas de joie, — he was be- 
side himself for joy. 

Ce pays se sent encore de la guerre. — 
that country is not yet recovered from the 
calamities of war. 
SEOIR, IX, 60 to fit well, sit well, 

become; to sit, lie, abide. 
SERVER, IX, 61, to serve, wait, at- 
tend ; to be a servant ; to minister ; 

to serve- up ; to put (the dinner 

etc. , ) on the table. 

Ex. : II est las de servir, — he is tired of 
service. 

II y a vingt ans qu'il sert, — he has been 
in the army these twenty years, 

Vous lui avez bien servi dans cette af- 
faire, — you served him well in that affair. 

Cela ne sert a rien, — that is good for no- 
thing, 
sa servir de, to use, make use of. 

Le papier dontje me sers pour ecrire, 
— the paper I use for writing. 

Si vous avez besoin de ma plume, ser- 
vez-vous-en, — if you want my pen, use it. 

SIEGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

hold one's seat; to be seated. 

Ex. : Ce n'est pas la que siege le mal, — 
that is not the seat of the disease. 
SIGNIEIER, Plier, page 83, to sig- 
nify, mean, denote betoken; to 

notify, intimate. 
SIMPLIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 

simplify. 
SINGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

ape, mimic. 
SOLEIER, Plier, page 83, to solfa; 

to hum an air. 
SOLIDIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 

solidify, render solid, 
se solidieier, to become solid. 
SONGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

dream; to muse; to think. 

Ex. : II songe a se marier, — he is think- 
ing of marrying. 
SORTIR, IX, 62, to go out, come 

out, get out; to withdraw; to 

emerge; to proceed; to come off; 

to bring or take out. 

(Do not confound this verb with 
its homonym soriir, which is a re- 
gular verb, conjugated like emplir. 
It signifies : to have ; to take. ) 
seSOUCIER, Plier, page 83, to 



care, mind, have a respect for, 

matter, regard; to tend. 

Ex : II ne s'en soucie guere, — he cares 
little for it. 
SOUDOYER, Payer, page 85, to 

keep soldiers on pay. 

(Obsolescent.) 
SOUEFLETER, Jeter, page 73, to 

box, drub, cuff; to slap on the 

face. 
SOUFERIR, VII, 43, to suffer, 

bear, abide, undergo, weather 

out, sustain, stand. 

Ex.: Souffrez que je vous dise, — give 
me leave to say. 
SOULAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

ease, lighten, disburden ; to allay, 

alleviate, relieve, give relief. 
SOULEVER, Lever, page 69, to 

lift, heave up, raise. 

Ex. : La mer commence a se soulever, — 
the sea begins to swell. 

Le cceur me souleve, — my stomach 
rises 

SOUMETTRE, V, 35, to subdue, 

submit, bring under; to emerge; 

to proceed; to come off; to bring 

or take out. 
SOURIRE, VIII, 55, to smile; to 

simper. 
SOUSCRIRE, IV, 23 to subscribe; 

to set one's hand to. 

SOUSFRETER, Observations, page 
77, to underfreight. 

SOUSTRAIRE, IX, 69, to subtract, 
deduct; to abstract. 

se soustraire, to escape; to set 
one's self free; to shake off; to 
deliver one's self. 

SOUTENIR, X, 68. to sustain, bear, 
hold, uphold, keep up, support. 

se soutenir, to hold out; "to bear 
up ; to stand ; to keep one's self 
up. 

se SOUVENIR, XI, 74, to remem- 
ber, call to mind, recollect. 

SPECIFIER, Plier, page 83, to 
specify, particularize. 

SPOLIER, Plier, page 83, to spo- 
liate, strip, plunder, rob. 

STENOGRAPHIER, Plier, page 83, 
' to write in short hand. 



THE FKENCH TEEB. 



147 



STIPENDIER, Plier, page 83, to 
keep on pay. 

STUPEFIER, Plier, page 83, to 
stupify. 

SUBDELEGUER, Observations, 

page 77, to subdelegate. 
SUBMERGES, Arranger, page 77, 

to submerge; to overwhelm; to 

flood. 
SUBVENIR, XI, 74, to relieve, 

help, assist; to supply. 

SUCCKDER, Observations, *page77, 
to succeed, follow (in order). 

SUCER, Placer, page 79, to suck; 
to drain. 

SUFFIRE, IX, 63, to suffice, be 
sufficient; to be enough; to af- 
ford; to answer. 

SUGGERER, Observations, page 
77, to suggest. 

SUIVRE, X, 64, to follow; to go or 
come after ; to adhere to ; to suc- 
ceed (in order). 

SUPPLICIER, Plier, page 83, to 
execute. 

SUPPLIER, Plier, page 83, to sup- 
"nlicate beseech. 

SURACHETER, Observations, page 
83, to overpay. 
(Little used.) 

SURCHARGER, Arranger, page 
77, to overload; to surcharge, 
overcharge. 

SURFAIRE, IV, 26, to overcharge, 
ask too much. 

SURJETER, Jeter, page 73, to 
whip, overcast (with the needle). 

SURMENER, Observations, page 
83, to founder, jade (a horse); to 
over-ride, over-drive. 

SURPAYER, Payer, page 85, to 
overpay. 

SURPRENDRE, VIII, 51, to sur- 
prise ; to catch (in the act) ; to de- 
ceive; to amaze; to intercept. 

SURSEOIR, IX, 60, to put off; to 
reprieve. 

SURVENIR, XI, 74, to supervene. 

SURVIVRE, XI, 76, to survive. 



T. 

TEINDRE, X, 67, to dye, color, 

tinge, tincture ; to stain. 
TENIR, X, 68, to hold, have a hold 
of; to contain. 

Ex.: Tenir quelqu'un sur le tapis,— to ■ 
talk of some one. 

Tenir quelqu'un le bee dans l'eau, — to 
amuse some one with lair promises. 

Je vous tiens, — I have you fast. 

Qu'est-ce qui le tient? — what is the 
matter with him ? 

II tenait un peu de son pere, — he was 
somewhat of his father's disposition. 

Je lui ai fait tenir la lettre, — I conveyed 
the letter to him. 

II ne tiendra pas a moi que , — it 

won't be my fault if 

Tenir pour quelqu'un — to side with one. 

II se tint a une bnmche, — he laid hold 
of a branch. 

Jem 'en tiens a votre avis, — I stick to 
your advice. 

II se tient toujours propre, — he is al- 
ways neat. 

TOLERER, Observations, page 77, 
to tolerate, suffer ; to wink or con- 
nive at; to endure. 

TOURNOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
turn about ; to turn and wind ; to 
whirl about; to beat about the 
bush ; to shuffle. 

TRACER, Placer, page 79, to trace; 
to draw; to chalk out; to plan; 
to describe; to draw out. 

TRADUIRE, XII, 82, to translate. 

TRAIRE, X, 69, to milk. 

(This verb has no past definite, 

nor imperfect subjunctive. ) 

TRANSCRIRE, IV, 23, transcribe. 

TRANSIGER, Arranger, page 77, 
to transact, to agree ; to enter into 
articles. 

TRIER, Plier, page 83, to pick; to 
pick out; to pick and choose; to 
select; to assort. 

TROMPETER, Jeter, page 73, to 
sound the trumpet; to call with 
the trumpet; to scream (as the 
eagle); to blab out; to publish. 

TUTOYER, Payer, page 85, to 
thou and thee, (speak in the sec- 
ond person sing., using thou in- 
stead of you. ) 



148 



THE FBENCH VEEB. 



u. 

ULCERER, Observations, page 77, 
to ulcerate; to exasperate, in- 
cense, provoke, embitter. 
Ex. : Un cceur ulcere, — a rankling heart. 

V. 



VALOIR, XI, 72, to be worth. 

Ex. : Cela ne vaut rien, — that is no 
good. 

Les ragouts ne lui valent rien, — high- 
seasoned dishes are not suitable for him. 

Vous ne faites rien qui vaille, — what 
you do is good for nothing. 

Pair valoir son argent, — to improve 
one's capital. 

11 fait bien valoir ce qu'il sait, — he 
makes good use of his knowledge. 

Se faire va.oir, — to keep up one's dig- 
nity. 

Cela vaut fait, — it is as good as done. 

Autant vaut y aller tout de suite, — it is 
just as well to go there at oi,ce. 

Cette lettre lui a va.u une brillante po- 
sition, — that letter was the means of pro- 
curing a brilliant position for him. 

A valoir, — to account, or on account. 

Prenez sa promesse, vaille que vaille, — 
accept his promise at all events. 
VARIER, Plier, page 83, to vary; 

to diversify; to variegate. 

Ex. : Varier la phrase, — to say the same 
thing in other words. 
vakier (as verb neuter,) to vary, 

change, be changeable; to dis- 
agree. 
VEGETER, Observations, page 77,' 

to vegetate. 
VEND ANGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to gather the grapes. 
VENER, Observations, page 83, to 

to run or bait (bulls): to keep 

meat till it is tender. 
VENERER, Observations, page 77, 

to venerate. 
VENGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

revenge ; to avenge ; to vindicate. 
VENIR, XI, 74, to come. 

Ex. : II vient des troupes, — troops are 
coming. 

Je le vois venir, — I see what he is aim- 
ing at. 



En venir aux mains, — to come to blows. 

En venir a son honneur, — to come off 
with honor. 

Eaire venir, — to raise, (or produce.) 

D'ou vient qu'il est absent ?— why is he 
absent ? 

II vient de sortir — he has just gone 
out. 

Cet habit vient bien a, sa taille, — that 
coat fits him well. 

Les siecies a venir, — future ages. 
VERBIAGER, Arranger, page 77, 

to be verbose, prolix. 
(Little used. Very low. ) 
VERDOYER Payer, page 85, to be 

verdant; to become green. 
VERGETER, Observations, page 

83, to whisk, brush. 
VERIFIER, Flier, page 83, to veri- 
fy. 
VERSIFIER, PZw?r, page 83, to ver- 
sify. 
VICIER, Plier, page 83, to vitiate ; 

to taint; to corrupt. 
VIVRE, XI, 76, to live. 

Ex : Vive le roi ! — long live the King ! 

Apprendre a vivre , — to learn manners. 

Ii est aise a vivre, — it is easy living with 
him. 

II vit bien, — he lives well, fares well. 

II vit mal, — he fares but scantily; he 
lives badly. 

VOIR, XI, 77, to see. 

Ex. : A le voir vous le prendriez pour 
un honnete homme,— by his looks you 
would take him for an honest man. 

Voir clair, — to see clearly. 

II n'a rien a voir a cela, — he has nothing 
to do with that. 

Cet hauteur voit sur la citadelle, — that 
eminence overlooks the citadel. 
VOLT1GER, Arranger, page 77, to 

fly, flutter, flutter about: to vault; 

to hover. 
VOULOIR, XII, 78, to will, be 

willing ; to have a mind. 

Ex. : II veut partir domain, — he intends 
to leave to-morrow. 

Que veut dine cet homme ? — what does 
that man mean? 

Je voudrais qu'il prit de la peine, — I 
wish he would take pains. 

Dieu le veuille,— God grant it. 

Je !e veux bien, — willingly. 
VOYAGER, Arranger, page 77, to 

travel; to journey. 



PART THIRD. 



TABLEAUX 



OF ALL THE 



IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VEKBS IN THE FRENCH 

- LANGUAGE. 



KEY OF THE ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THE 
FOLLOWING TABLEAUX. 

The Roman numbers at the upper corner mark the order 
of the Tableaux. Thus : I, II, III, &c. 

The dash ( — ) takes the place of the root of the verb. 
Thus, in conjugating Absoudre, we find — sous, — sous, — sout, 
&c, which means that, in order to have the verb complete, 
the place of the dash is to be supplied by the root ab : for 
instance : afrsous, a6sous, a6sout. 

The word none means that the person or the whole tense 
whose place it occupies is wanting. 

The letters m. s., m. p., f. s, f. p., in the column of the 
participles, signify respectively : mas. sing., mas. plural, fem. 
sing., fem. plural. 

The letter q. in the columns of the present and imperfect 
subjunctive is the initial of the conjunction que. 



THE FRENCH VEKB 



Xiifinitif Pres. 



Pres. I lid. 



Imparfait. 



Passe 
Deiini, 



Fttttir. 



1. Ab-soudre. 



— sous 

— sous 

— sout 

— solvons 

— solvez 

— solvent 



solvais 

solvais 

solvait 

solvions 

solviez 

solvaient 



none. 



soudrai 

soudras 

soudra 

soudrons 

soudrez 

soudront 



2. Ac-querir. 



— quiers 

— quiers 

— quiert 

— querons 

— querez 

— quierent 



querais 

querais 

querait 

querions 

queriez 

queraient 



quis 

quia 

quit 

quimes 

quite s 

quirent 



querrai 

querras 

querra 

querrona 

querrez 

querront 



3. Aller. 



vaia 

vas 

va 

allons 

allez 

vont 



allais 

allais 

allait 

allions 

alliez 

allaient 



allai 

alia a 

alia 

allames 

allatea 

allerent 



irai 

iras 

ira 

iron a 

irez 

iront 





' — sieda 


- seyais 


— sis 


— sierai 




— sieds 


— seyais 


— S13 


— sieraa 


4. As-seor. 


— sied 

— seyons 


— seyait 

— seyiona 


— sit 

— simea 


— siera 

— sierons 




— seyez 

— seyent 


- seyiez 

— seyaient 


— sites 

— sirent 


— sierez 

— sieront 




ai 


avais 


eus 


aurai 




as 


avais 


eus 


auras 


5. Avoir 


a 

avona 


avait 
aviona 


eut 
eumea 


aura 
aurons 




avez 


aviez 


eutea 


aurez 




L ont 


avaient 


eurent 


auront 




boia 


buvaia 


bua 


boirai 




boia 


buvaia 


bua 


boiras 


6. Boire. ' 


boit 


buvait 


but 


boira 


buvona 


buviona 


bume8 


boirona 




buvez 


buviez 


bate a 


boirez 




boivent 


buvaient 


burent 


boiront 




boua 


— aia 


— ia 


— irai 




boua 


— aia 


— ia 


— iraa 


7. Bouill-ir. 


bout 
— ona 


— ait 

— ions 


— it 

— imes 


— ira 

— irons 




— ez 


— lez 


— ites 


— irez 




. — ent 


- aient 


— irent 


— iront 



TABLEAUX. 



I. 



Conditinncl. 


Present Snl>. 


Imp a villi t 
Sub. 


Imperatif. 


Participes. 


— soudrais 


q. — solve 






none. 




— soudrais 


q. — solves 




' 


— sous 


— solvant [p. 


— soudrait 


q. — solve 






— solve 


— sous m. s. & 


— soudrions 


q. — solvions 




none. 


— solvons 


— soute . f. s. 


— soudriez 


q. — solviez 






— solvez 


— soutes f . p. 


— so udr aient 


q. — solvent 






— solvent 




— querrais 


q. — quiere 


q- 


— quisse 


none. 




— querrais 


q. — quieres 


q- 


— qmsses 


— quiers 


— querant [p. 


— querraife 


q. — quiere 


q. 


— quit 


— quiere 


— quis m. s. & 


— querrions 


q, — quenons 


q. 


— quissions 


— querons 


— quise f. s. 


— quernez 


q. — quenez 


q. 


— quissiez 


— querez 


— quises f. p. 


— querraient 


q. — quierent 


q. 


— quiss^nt 


— quierent 





irais 

irais 

irait 

irions 

iriez 

iraient 




allasse 

allasses 

allat 

allassions 

allassiez 

allassent 



none. 
va 
aille 
allons 
allez 
anient 



allant 
alle . 
alles . 
allee . 
allees 



m. s. 
m. p. 

f. s. 

f.p. 



— sierais 


q. 


— seye 


1- 


— sisse 


none. 


— seyant 


— sierais 


q. 


— seyes 


q- 


— sisses 


— sieds 




— sierait 


q- 


— seye 


q- 


— sit 


— seye 


— sis m.s. &p. 


— sienons 


q. 


— seyions 


q- 


— sissions 


— seyons 


— sise f. s. 


— sieriez 


q- 


— seyiez 


q. 


— sissiez 


— seyez 


— sises f. p. 


— sieraient 


q. 


— seyent 


-1- 


— sissent 


— seyent 




aurai3 


q- 


aie 


q. 


eusse 


none. 


ayant 


aurais 


q. 


aies 


q- 


eusses 


aie 


eu m. s. 


aurait 


q- 


ait 


q- 


eut 


ait 


eus m. p. 


aurions 


q- 


ayons 


q- 


eussions 


ayons 


eue f. s. 


aunez 


q. 


ayez 


q. 


eussiez 


ayez 


cues f. p. 


auraient 


q- 


aient 


q. 


eussent 


aient 





boirais 


q- 


boive 


q- 


busse 


none. 


buvant 


boirais 


q- 


boives 


q- 


busses - 


bois 


bu . m. s. 


boirait 


q- 


boive 


q- 


but 


boive 


bus . m. p. 


boirions 


!• 


buvions 


q- 


bussions 


buvons 


bue . f. s. 


boiriez 


V 


buviez 


q- 


bussiez 


buvez 


bues f.p. 


boiraient 


1- 


boivent 


q- 


bussent 


boivent 




— irais 


q- 


— e 


q- 


— isse 


none. 




— irais 


q- 


— es 


q- 


— isses 


bous 


— ant 


— irait 


q- 


— e 


q- 


— it 


— e 


— 1 . . m. s. 


— irions 


q- 


— ions 


q- 


— l&sions 


— ons 


— is . . m. p. 


— iriez 


q. 


— icz 


q. 


— lssiez 


— ez 


— ie . . f. s. 


— iraient 


q- 


— ent 


q- 


— issent 


— ent 


— ics . f. p. 



II. 



THE FRENCH VERB 



Infinitif* Pres. 


Pres. I ml. 


Imparfa.it. 


Pa.sse 
Defini. 


Futur. 


8. Braire. 


il brait 
ila braient 


See Braire in 
Dictionary. 


none. 


11 braira 
ils brairont 


9. Brnire. 


il bruit 


il bruyait 
ils bruyaient 


SeeBRUiREm 
Dictionary. 


none. 


10. Clore. 


cloa 
cloa 
clot 


See Clore in 
Dictionary. 


See Clore in 
Dictionary. 


clorai 

cloras 

clora 

clorons 

clorez 

cloront 


11. Cou-dre. 


— da 

— da 
-d 

— sona 

— sez 
.— sent 


— sais 

— saia 

— sait 

— sions 

— siez 

— saient 


— sia 

— sis 

— sit 

- simes 

— site a 

— sirent 


— drai 

— dra3 

— dra 

— drona 

— drez 

— dront 


12. Cou-rir. 


— rs 

— ra 

— rt 

— rona 

— rez 

. — rent 


— rais 

— raia 
- rait 

— riona 

— riez 

— raient 


— rus 

— rua 

— rut 

— rumea 

— rutes 

— rurent 


— rrai 

— rraa 

— rra 

— rrona 

— rrez 

— rront 


13 Cr-aindre. 


— aina 

— aina 

— aint 

— aignons 
- aignez 

_ — aignent 


— aignaia 

— aignaia 

— aignait 

— aignions 

— aigniez 

— aignaient 


— aignis 

— aignis 

— aignit 

— aignimea 

— aignitea 

— aignirent 


— aindrai 

— aindras 

— aindra 

— aindrona 

— aindrez 

— aindront 


14. Croire. 


croia 

croia 

croit 

croyona 

croyez 

croient 


croyaia 

croyaia 

croyait 

croyiona 

croyiez 

croyaient 


crua 

crua 

crut 

crumes 

crutea 

crurent 


— croirai 

— croiraa 

— croira 

— croirona 

— croirez 

— croiront 



TABLEAUX. 



II. 



Conditionnel Present Sub. 


Imparfu.it 
Sab. 


Imp era til*. 


Participes. 


il brairait 
ils brairaient 


qu'il braie 
qu'il braient 


none. 


none. 


brayant 
none. 



none. 



See Bruire in 
Dictionary. 



See Bruire in 
Dictionary. 



none. 



See Bruire in 
Dictionary. 



— clorais 

— clorais 

— clorait 

— clorions 

— cloriez 

— cloraient 


See Clore in 
Dictionary. 


See Clore in 
Dictionary. 


none. 
clos 
close 

none. 

none. 

none. 


none. 

— clos m.s.&p. 

— close f. a. 

— closes f. p. 


— drais 

— drais 

— drait 

— drions 

— driez 

— draient 


q. — se 
q. — ses 
q. — se 
q. — sions 
q. — siez 
q. — sent 


q. — sisse 
q. — sisses 
q. — sit 
q. — sissions 
q. — sissiez 
q. — sissent 


none. 

— ds 

— se 

— sons 

— sez 

— sent 


— sant 

— su . . m. s. 

— sus . m. p. 

— sue . f. s. 

— sues . f. p. 


— rrais 

— rrais 

— rrait 

— rrions 

— rriez 

— rraient 


q. — re 
q. — res 
q. — re 
q. — rions 
q. — riez 
q. — rent 


q. — russe 
q. — russes 
q. — rut 
q. — russions 
q. — russiez 
q. — russent 


none. 

— rs 

— re 

— rons 

— rez 

— rent 


— rant 

— ru m. s. 

— rus m. p. 

— rue f. s. 

— rues f. p. 



— aindrais 


q- 


— aigne 


q. — aignisse 


none. 


— aignant 


— aindrais 


q. 


— aignes 


q. — aignisses 


— ams 


— aint . m. s. 


— aindrait 


q- 


— aigne 


q. — aignit 


— aigne 


— aints m. p. 


— aindrions 


q- 


— aignions 


q. — aigmssions 


— aignona 


— ainte f. s. 


— aindriez 


q. 


— aigmez 


q. — aignissiez 


— aignez 


— aintes f.p. 


— aindraient 


q- 


— aignent 


q. — aignissent 


— aignent 





croirais 


q. 


croie 


q. 


croirais 


q. 


croies 


q- 


croirait 


q. 


croie 


q 


croinons 


q- 


croyions 


q 


cromez 


q- 


croyiez 


q 


croiraient 


q. 


croient 


q. 



crusse 

crusses 

crut 

crussions 

crussiez 

crussent 



none. 


croyar 


it 


crois 


cm . 


m. s 


croie 


crus . 


m. p 


croyono 

croyez 

croient 


crue . 
crues 


f . s 
f.p 



III. 



THE FRENCH YERB 



In fin it if Pres. 


Pres. Iiid. 


Imparfait. 


Passe 
Defini. 


Fatur. 




crois 


croissais 


eras 


croitrai 




crols 


croissais 


crus 


croitras 


15. Croitre. 


croit 
croissons 


croissait 
emissions 


crut 
crumes 


croitra 
croitrons 




croissez 


croissiez 


crutes 


croitrez 




croissent 


croissaient 


crurent 


croitront 




— e 


— ais 


— is 


— erai 




— es 


— ais 


— is 


— eras 


16. Cueill-ir. 


— e 

— ons 


— ait 

— ions 


-it 
— imes 


— era 

— erons 




— ez 


— iez 


— ites 


— erez 




. — ent 


— aient 


— irent 


— eront 




— chois 


— choyais 


— chus 


— cherrai 




— cbois 


— choyais 


— chus 


— cherras 


17. De-choir. 


— choit 

— choyons 


— choyait 

— choyions 


— chut 

— chumes 


— cherra 

— cherrons 




— choyez 
. — choient 


— choyiez 

— choyaient 


— chutes 

— churent 


— cherrez 

— cherront 




dois 


devais 


dus 


devrai 




dois 


devais 


dus 


devras 


18. Devoir. 


doit 
devong 


devait 
devions 


dut 
dumes 


devra 
devrons 




devez 


deviez 


dutes 


devrez 




doivent 


devaient 


durent 


devront 





dis 


disais 


dis 


dirai 




dis 


disais 


dis 


diras 


19. Dire. 


dit 
disons 


disait 
disions 


dit 
dimes 


dira 
dirons 




dites 


disiez 


dites 


direz 




disent 


disaient 


dirent 


diront 




— s 


— mais 


— mis 


— mirai 




— s 


— mais 


— mis 


— miras 


20. Dor-mir. 


— t 

— mons 


— mait 

— mions 


— mit 

— mimes 


— mira 

— mirons 




— mez 


— miez 


— mites 


— mirez 




. — ment 


— m aient 


— mirent 


— miront 




echoit or 




echut 


echerra 




[echet 








21. E choir. 




none. 








echoient 




echurent 


echerront 



TABLEAUX. 



in. 



Conditionnel 



Present Sub. *! _ Imp e rat if. [ Participes. 



croitrais 


q. 


croisse 


q- 


crusse 


none. 


croissant 


croitrais 


q. 


croisses 


q. 


crusses 


crois 


cru . m. s. 


croitrait 


q. 


croisse 


q- 


crtit 


croisse 


crus . m. p. 


croitrions 


q. 


croissions 


q- 


crussions 


croissions 


crue . f. s. 


croitriez 


q- 


croissiez 


q. 


crussiez 


croissez 


crues f. p. 


croitraient 


i- 


croissient 


q- 


crussent 


croissent 




— erais 


q- 


— e 


q. 


— isse 


none. 


— ant 


— eraia 


q- 


— es 


q. 


— lisses 


^e 


— l . . m. s. 


— erait 


q. 


— e 


q. 


— it 


— e 


— is . in. p. 


— enons 


q- 


— ions 


q. 


— issions 


— ons 


— ie . f. s. 


— eriez 


q- 


— lez 


q- 


— lssiez 


— ez 


— ies . f . p. 


— eraient 


q. 


— ent 


q- 


— issent 


— ent 


• 


— cherrais 


q« 


— clioie 


q- 


— chusse 


none. 


none. 


— cherrais 


q« 


— choies 


q- 


— chusses 


— chois 


— chu m. s. 


— cherraifc 


q- 


— choie 


q- 


— chut 


— choie 


— chus m. p. 


— cherrions 


q. 


— choyions 


q. 


— chussions 


— choyons 


— chue f. s. 


— cherriez 


q. 


— choyiez 


q. 


— chussiez 


— choyez 


— chues f. p. 


— cherraient 


q- 


— choient 


q- 


— chussent 


— choient 





devrais 

devrais 

devrait 

devrions 

devriez 

devraient 



doive 

doives 

doive 

devions 

deviez 

doivent 



dusse 

dusses 

dut 

dussions 

dussiez 

dussent 



none. 
dois 
doive 
devons 
devez 
doivent 



dirais 

dirais 

dirait 

dirions * 

diriez 

diraient 



dise 

dises 

dise 

disions 

disiez 

disent 



disse 

disses 

dit 

dissions 

dissiez 

dissent 



none. 
dis 
dise 
disons 
dites 
disent 



devant 
du m. s. 

dus m. p. 
due f. s. 

dues f. p. 



dis ant 

dit 

dits 

dite 

dites 



m. s. 
m. p. 

f. s. 

f,p. 



— mirais 


0. 


— me 


q- 


— misse 


none. 


— mant 


— mirais 


q. 


— mes 


q< 


— misses 


— s 


— mi 


— mirait 


q- 


— me 


q- 


— mit 


— me 




— mirions 


q- 


— mions 


q- 


— missions 


— mons 


• 


— mn*iez 


q- 


— miez 


q. 


— missiez 


— mez 




— miraient 


q- 


— ment 


q. 


— missent 


— ment 




echen-ait 




none. 


q. 


echut 


none. 


echeant 
echu 


echerraient 






q- 


echussent 







IV. 



THE FBENCH VERB 



Infinitif Pres. 



Pres. Iiicl. 



Imparfait, 



Passe 

Defini. 



Futur. 





eclot 






eclora 


22. Eclore. 




none. 


none. 






ecloaent 






ecloront 




— cris 


— crivaia 


— crivis 


— criari 




— ens 


— crivaia 


— crivia 


— cnraa 


23. E-crire. 


— crit 

— crivons 


— crivait 

— criviona 


— crivit 

— crivimes 


- crira 
— crirona 




— crivez 


— criviez 


— crivitea 


— crirez 


• 


. — crivent 


— crivaient 


— crivirent 


— criront 




suis 


etaia 


fua 


serai 




es 


etaia 


fua 


seraa 


24. Etre. 


est 
sommes 


etait 
etiona 


fut 

fumea 


sera 
serona 




etea 


etiez 


fiitea 


serez 




sont 


etaient 


furent 


seront 




faux 


faillaia 


faillia 


faiilirai 




faux 


faillaia 


faillia 


faillira3 


25. Faillir. 


faut 


faillait 


faillit 


faillira 


faillons 


faillions 


faillimea 


faillirons 




faillez 


failliez 


faillitea 


faillirez 




faillent 


faillaient 


faillirent 


failliront 




faia 


faiaaia 


fia 


ferai 




faia 


faiaaia 


fia 


feraa 


26. Faire. 


fait 
faiaona 


faisait 
faiaiona 


fit 
fimea 


fera 
ferona 




faitea 


faisiez 


fitea 


ferez 




font 


faisaient 


firent 


feront 


27. Falloir. 


ilfaut 


il fallait 


il f aUut 


il f audra 




— ria 


— rissais 


— ria 


— rirai 


28. Fleu-rir. 


— ria 

— rit 


— rissais 

— rissait 


— ria 

— rit 


— riraa 

— rira 


to bloom. 


— rissona 


— rissiona 


— rimea 


— rirona 




— riaaez 


— rissiez 


— rite a 


— rirez 




, — riasent 


- rissaient 


— rirent 


— riront 



TABLEAUX. 



IV. 



Conditionnelj Present Sub. 


Imparfait 
Sub. 


Xm per at if. 


Participes. 


eclorait 


q. 


eclose 


none. 


none. 


eclos m. s. & 
[p. 


ecloraient 


i- 


eclosent 






eclose f. 


— crirais 


q. 


— crive 


q. — crivisse 


none. 


— crivant 


— crirais 


q. 


— crives 


q. — cnvisses 


— ens 


— crit m. s. 


— crirait 


q- 


— crive 


q. — crivit 


— crive 


— crits m. p. 


— crinons 


q. 


— crivions 


q. — crivissions,— crivons 


— crite f. s. 


— crinez 


q- 


— criviez 


q. — cnvissiez i — crivez 


— crites f. p. 


— criraient 


q-- 


— crivent 


q. — crivissenti— crivent 


* 


serais 


q- 


sois 


q. fasse 


none. 


etant 


serais 


q. 


sois 


q. fusses 


sois 




serait 


q- 


soit 


q. fat 


soit 


ete invariable. 


serions 


q- 


sovons 


q. fussions 


sovons 




seriez 


q- 


soyez 


q. fussiez 


soyez 




seraient 


q. 


soient 


q. fussent 


soient 










q. faillisse 
q. faillisses 




faiilant 


none. 




none. 


q. faillit 
q. f aillissions 
q. faillissiez 


none. 


failli 








q faillissent 






ferais 


q- 


fasse 


q. fisse 


none. 


fa is ant 


ferais 


q- 


fasses 


q. nsses 


fais 


fait m. s. 


ferait 


q- 


fasse 


q. fit 


fasse 


faits m. p. 


ferions 


q- 


fassions 


q. fissions 


faisons 


faite f. b. 


feriez 


q. 


fassiez . 


q. fissiez 


faites 


faites f, p. 


feraient 


q- 


fas sent 


q. fissent 


fassent 




il faudrait 


qu 


'il faille 


qu'il falliit 


none. 


faUu 


— rirais 


q- 


— risse 


q. — risse 


none. 


— rissant 


— rirais 


q- 


— nsses 


q« — nsses 


q. — ns 


— ri . . m. s. 


— rirait 


q- 


— risse 


q. — rit 


q. — risse 


— ns . m. p. 


— ririons 


q. 


— rissions 


q. — rissions 


q. — nssons 


— rie . f. s. 


— rinez 


q- 


— rissiez 


q. — rissiez 


q. — nssez 


— ries . f. p. 


— riraient 


q- 


— rissent 


q. — rissent 


q. — rissent 





THE FRENCH VERB 



Infinitif Pres. 


Pres. Ind. 


Imparfait. 


Passe 
Definl. 


Fiatur. 


29. Fl-eurir 

to flourish. 


— euris 

— euris 

— eurit 

— eurissons 

— eurissez 

. — eurissent 


— orissais 

— orissais 

— orissait 

— orissions 

— orissiez 

— orissaient 


— euris 

— euris 

— eurit 

— eurimes 

— eurites 

— eurirent 


— eurirai 

— euriras 

— eurira 

— eurirons 

— eurirez 

— euriront 


SO. Fuir. 


fuis 

fuis 

fuit 

fuyons 

fuyez 

fuient 


fuyais 

fuyais 

fuyait 

fuyions 

fuyiez 

fiiyaient 


fuis 

fuis 

fuit 

fiiimes 

fuites 

fuirent 


fuirai 

fuiras 

fuira 

fuirons 

fuirez 

fuiront 


31. Jaill-ir. 


-it 
. — issent 


— issait 

— issaient 


— it 

— irent 


— ira 

— iront 





— oins 


— oignais 


— oignis 


— oindrai 




— oins 


— oignais 


— oignis 


— oindras 


32. J-oindre. 


— oint 


— oignait 


— oignit 


— oindra 




— oignons 


— oigmons 


— oignimes 


— oindrons 




— oignez 


— oigmez 


— oignites 


— oindrez 




— oignent 


— oignaient 


— oignirent 


— oindront 




lis 


lisais 


lus 


lirai 




lis 


lisais 


lus 


liras 


33. Lire. 


lit 


lisait 


lut 


lira 


lisons 


lisions 


lumes 


lirons 




lisez 


lkriez 


lutes 


lirez 




lisent 


lisaient 


lurent 


liront 




luis 


luisais 




luirai 




luis 


luisais 




luiras 


34. Luire. i 


luit 


luisait 


none. 


iuira 




luisons 


luisions 




luiror-s 




luisez 


hiisiez 




luirez 




luisent 


luisaient 




luiront 




— mets 


— mettais 


— mis 


— mettnu~ ' 




— mets 


— mettais 


— mis 


— mettras 


35. Mettre 


— met 


— mettait 


— mit 


— mettra 


— mettons 


— mettions 


— mimes 


— mettrons 




— mettez 


— mettiez 


— mites 


— mettrez 




— mettent 


— mettaient 


— mirent 


— mettront 



TABLEAUX. 



V. 



Coiiditionnel 


Present Sub. 


1 


mparfait 
Sab. 


Imperatif. 


Participes. 


— eurirais 


q. — eurisse 


q- 


— eurisse 


none. 


— orissant 


— eurirais 


q. — eurisses 


q. 


— eurisses 


q. — euns 


— eurie . m. s. 


— eurirait 


q. — eurisse 


q- 


— eurit 


q. — eurisse 


— euns . m. p. 


— eunrions 


q. — eunssions 


q. 


— eurissions 


q. — eurissons 


— eurie . f. s. 


— eurinez 


q. — eunssiez 


q- 


— eunssiez 


q. — eurissez 


— euries f. p. 


— euriraient 


q. — eurissent 


q- 


— eurissent 


q. — eurissent 





fuirais 

fuirais 

fuirait 

fuirions 

fuiriez 

fuiraient 



fuie 

fuies 

fuie 

fuyions 

fuyiez 

fuient 



fuisse 

faisses 

fait 

fuissions 

fuissiez 

fuissent 



none. 
fuis 
fuie 
fuyons 
fuyez 
fuient 



fuyant 

fui m. s. 

fuis m. p. 

fuie f. s. 

fuies f, p. 



irait 



— iraient 



isse 



q. — issent 



q.-it 



issent 



none. 



— issant 



— oindrais 


q. - 


- oigne 


q-- 


— oignisse 


none. 


— oignant 


— oindrais 


q. - 


- oignes 


k- 


— oignisses 


— oms 


— oint m. s. 


— oindrait 


q. - 


- oigne 


i- - 


— oignit 


— oigne 


— oints m. p. 


— oindrions 


q. - 


- oigmons 


q-- 


-oigmssions 


— oignons 


— ointe f. s. 


— oindriez 


q-- 


- oigniez 


q- - 


— oignissiez 


— oignez 


— ointes f. p. 


— oindraient 


q. - 


- oignent 


q. 


— oignissent 


— oignent 




lirais 


q- 


lise 


q- 


lusse 


none. 


lisant 


lirais 


q. 


lises 


q. 


lusses 


lis 


lu m. s. 


lirait 


q- 


lise 


q. 


hit 


lise 


lus m. p. 


lirions 


q- 


lisions 


q- 


lussions 


lisons 


lue f. s. 


liriez 


q- 


lisiez 


q- 


lussiez 


lisez 


lues f. p. 


liraient 


q. 


lisent 


q. 


lussent 


lisent 
none. 




luirais 


q- 


luise 






luisant 


luirais 


q- 


luises 






luis 




luirait 


q- 


luise 




none. 


luise 




luirions 


q. 


luisions 




luisons 


lui 


luiriez 


q- 


luisiez 






luisez 




luiraient 


q. 


luisent 






luisent 




— mettrais 


q. 


mette 


q- 


misse 


none. 


— mettant 


— mettrais 


q- 


mettes 


q- 


misses 


— mets 




— mettrait 


q- 


mette 


q- 


mit 


— mette 


— mis m.s.&p. 


— mettrions 


q- 


mettions 


q- 


missions 


— mettons 


— mise f. s. 


— mettriez 


q- 


mettiez 


q- 


missiez 


— mettez 


— mises f. p. 


— mettraient 


q. 


mettent 


q- 


missent 


— mettent 





VI. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Infinitif Pres. 



Pres. Ind. Imparfait. 



Passe 
Defini, 



Futu r. 



36. Concl-ure. 


r — us 

— us 
I — ut 

— uons 

— uez 

[ — uent 


— uais 

— uais 

— uait 

— uions 

— uiez 

— uaient 


— us 

— us 

— ut 

— umes 

— utes 

— urent 


— urai 

— uras 

— ura 

— urons 

— urez 

— uront 


37. Mou-dre. i 


'— ds 

— ds 

— d 

— Ions 

— lez 

— lent 


— lais 

— lais 

— lait 

— lions 

— liez 

— laient 


— lus 

— lus 
-lut 

— lumes 

— lutes 

— lurent 


— drai 

— dras 

— dra 

— drons 

— drez 

— dront 


38. Mourir. 


meurs 

meurs 

meurt 

niourons 

mourez 

mearent 


mourais 

mourais 

mourait 

mo ur ions 

mouriez 

mouraient 


mourus 

mourus 

mourut 

mourumes 

mourutes 

moururent 


mourrai 

mourras 

mourra 

mourrons 

mourrez 

mourronb 


39. Mouvoir. 


meus 

meus 

meut 

mouvons 

mouvez 

meuvent 


mouvais 

mouvais 

mouvait 

mouvions 

mouviez 

mouvaient 


mus 

mus 

mut 

mumes 

mutes 

murent 


mouvrai 

mouvras 

mouvra 

mouvrons 

mouvrez 

mouvront 


40. Naitre. 


nais 

nais 

nait 

naissons 

naissez 

naissent 


naissais 

naissais 

naissait 

naissions 

naissiez 

naissaient 


naquis 

naquis 

naquit 

naquimes 

naquites 

naquirent 


naitrai 

naitras 

naitra 

naitront 

naitrez 

naitront 


41. Nuire. 


nuis 

nuis 

nuit 

nuisons 

nuisez 

nuisent 


nuisais 

nuisais 

nuisait 

nuisions 

nuisiez 

nuisaient 


nuisis 
nuisis 
nuisit 
nuisimes 
• nusites 
nuisirent 


nuirai 

nuiras 
nuira 
nuirons 
nuirez 

nuiront 


42. Ou'ir. 


none. 


none. 


j'ou'is, etc. 

il ou'it 
see OuiB in 
Dictionary. 


none. 



TABLEAUX. 



VI. 



Conditio unci 


Present Sub. 


Imparfait 
Snb. 


Imperatif. 


' Participes. 


— urais 


q. — ue 


q. — usse 


none. 


— uant 


— urais 

— urait 


q. — ues 
q. — ue 


q. — usses 
q. — utr 


— ue 

— ue 


— u m. s. 

— us m. p. 


— unous 


q. — uions 


q. — ussions 


— uons 


— ue f. b. 


— uriez 

— uraient 


q. — uiez 
q. — uent 


q. — ussiez 
q. — ussent 


— uez 

— uent 


— ues f. p. 



— drais 


q. 


— le 


q- 


— lusse 




none. 


— lant 


— drais 


q- 


— les 


q- 


— lusses 


q- 


— ds 


— lu m. s. 


— drait 


q- 


— le 


q- 


— hit 


q. 


— le 


— lus m. p. 


— d-iions 


q. 


— lions 


q. 


— lussions 


q. 


— Ions 


— lue f. a. 


— driez 


q- 


— liez 


q. 


— lussiez 


q- 


— lez 


— lues f. p. 


— draient 


q. 


— lent 


q- 


— lussent 


q. 


— lent 




mourrais 


q- 


meure 


q. 


mourusse 




none. 


mourant 


mourrais 


q- 


meures 


q- 


mourusses 




meurs 


mort m. s. 


mourrait 


q- 


meure 


q. 


mourut 




meure 


morts m. p. 


mourrions 


q. 


mourions 


q. 


mourussions 




mourons 


morte f. s. 


mourriez 


q- 


mounez 


q. 


mourussiez 




mourez 


mortes f, p. 


mourraient 


q. 


meurent 


q- 


mourussent 




meurent 




mouvrais 


q- 


meuve 


q- 


musse 




none. 


mouvant 


mouvrais 


q. 


meuves 


q- 


musses 




meus 


mu m. s. 


mouvrait 


q. 


meuve 


q- 


mut 




meuve 


mus m. p. 


mouvnons 


q. 


mouvions 


q- 


mussions 




mouvons 


mue f. s. 


mouvriez 


q. 


mouviez 


q- 


mussiez 




mouvez 


mues f. p. 


mouvraient 


q. 


meuvent 


q. 


mussent 




meuvent 





naitrais 


q- 


naisse 


q. 


naquisse 


none. 


naissant 


naitrais 


q- 


naisses 


q- 


naquisses 


nais 


ne m. s. 


naltrait 


q. 


naisse 


q- 


naquit 


naisse 


nes m. p. 


naltrions 


q- 


naissions 


q- 


naquissions 


naissons 


nee f. s. 


naitriez 


q- 


naissiez 


q. 


naquissiez 


naissez 


nees f. p. 


naitraient 


q- 


naissent 


q. 


• naquissent 


naissent 




nuirais 


q- 


nuise 


q. 


nuisisse 


none. 




nuirais 


q- 


nuises 


q. 


nuisisses 


nuis 


nuisant 


nuirait 


q. 


nuise 


q- 


nuisit 


nuise 




nuinons 


q- 


nuisions 


q. 


nuisissions 


nuisons 


nui 


nuinez 


q. 


nuisiez 


q. 


nuisissiez 


nuisez 




nuiraient 


q. 


nuisent 


q- 


nuisissent 


nuisent 










q- 


j'ou'isse 






none. 




none. 


q- 


qu'il ouit 
See OuiR in 
Dictionary. 


none. 


none. 

r 



vn. 



THE FRENCH VERB 



Infiiiitif Pres. 


Pres. Incl. 


Imparfait. 


Passe 
Defini. 


Futur. 


43. Ou-vrir 


— vre 

— vres 

— vre 

— vrons 

— vrez 

— vrent 


— vrais 

— vrais 

— vrait 

— vrions 

— vriez 

— ouvrient 


— vris 

— vris 

— vrit 

— vrimes 

— vrites 

— vrirent 


— vrirai 

— vriras 

— vrira 

— vrirons 

— vrirez 

— vriront 


44. Paitre. 


pais 

pais 

palfc 

paissons 

paissez 

paissent 


paissais 

paissais 

paissait 

paissions 

paissiez 

paissaient 


none. 


paitrai 

paitras 

paitra 

paitrons 

paitrez 

paitront 


45. Pa-raitre. 


— rais 

— rais 

— rait 

— raissons 

— raissez 

— raissent 


— raissais 

— raissais 

— raissait 

— raissions . 

— raissiez 

— raissaient 


— rus 

— rus 

— rut 

— rumes 

— rutes 

— rurent 


— raitrai 

— raitras 

— raitra 

— raitrons 

— raitrez 

— raitront 


46. Plaire 


plais 

plais 

plait 

plaisons 

plaisez 

plaisent 


plaisais 

plaisais 

plaisait 

plaisions 

plaisiez 

plaisaient 


plus 

plus 

plut 

plumes 

plutes 

plurent 


plairai 

plairas 

plaira 

plairons 

plairez 

plairont 


47. Pleuvoir. 


pleut 
pleuvent 


pleuvait 
pluvaient 


plut 
plurent 


pleuvra 
pleuvront 


48. Poindre 


none. 

1 


none. 


none. 


il poindra 


49. Pour-voir. • 


— vois 

— vois 

— voifc 

— voyons 

— voyez 

| — voient 


— voyais 

— voyais 

— vojait 

— voyions 

— voyiez 

— voyaient 


— vus 

— vus 

— vut 

— vumes 

— vutes 

— vurent 


— voirai 

— voiras 

— voira 

— voirons 

— voirez 

— voiront 



TABLEAUX. 



VII. 



Condi tioiinell Present Sub. 


lmpaifuit 
Sub. 


Imp era t if. 


Participes. 


— vriraia 

— vrirais 

— vriraifc 

— vririons 

— vririez 

— vriraient 


q. — vre 
q. — vres 
q. — vre 
q. — vrions 
q. — vriez 
q. — vrent 


q. — vrisse 
q. — vrisses 
q. — vrit 
q. — vrissions 
q. — vrissiez 
q. — vrissent 


none. 

— vre 

— vre 

— vrons 

— vrez 

— vrent 


— vrant 

— vert . m. s. 

— verta m. p. 

— verte . f. s. 

— vertes f. p. 


paitraia 

paitrais 

paitrait 

paitrions 

paitriez 

paitraient 


q. paisse 
q. paiases 
q. paisse 
q. paissions 
q. paiasiez 
q. paissent 


none. 


none. 
pais 
paisse 
paissons 
paissez 
paissent 


paissant 
pu 


— raitrais 

— raitrais 

— raitrait 

— raitriona 

— raitriez 

— raitraient 


q. — raisse 
q. — raiases 
q. — raisse 
q. — raiasions 
q. — raiasiez 
q. — raissent 


q. — russe 
q. — russes 
q. — rut 
q^ — russions 
q. — russiez 
q. — russent 


none, 

— rais 

— raisse 

— raissons 

— raissez 

— raissent 


raissant 
ru 


plairais 

plairais 

plairait 

plairions 

plairiez 

plairaient 


q. plaise 
q. plaises 
q. plaise 
q. plaisions 
q. plaisiez 
q. plaisent 


q. plusse 
q. phisses 
q. plut 
q. plussione 
q. plussiez 
q. plussent 


none. 
plais 
plaiae 
plaisona 
plaiaez 
plaiaent 


plaisant 
plu 


pleuvrait 
pleuvraient 


q. pleuve 
q. pleuvent 


q. plut 
q. plussent 


q. pleuve 
q. pleuvent 


pleuvant 
plu 


none. 


none. 


none. 


none. 


none. 


— voiraia 

— voiraia 

— voirait 

— voiriona 

— voiriez 

— voiraient 


q. — voie 
q. — voies 
q. — voie 
q. — voyions 
q. — voyiez 
q. — voient 


q. — vusse 
q. — vusses 
q. — vut 
q. — vussions 
q. — vuasiez 
q. — vussent 


none. 

— voia 

— voie 

— voyona 

— voyez 

— voient 


— voyant 

— vu m. s. 

— vus m. p. 

— vue f. s. 

— vues f. p. 



vni. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Iniinitif Pres. 


Pres. Incl. 


Imparfait. 


Passe 

Deli ui. 


Futwr. 




puis or peux 


pouvaia 


pua 


pourrai 




peux 


pouvaia 


pua 


pourraa 


50. Pouvoir. 


peut 


pouvait 


put 


pourra 




pouvons 


pouviona 


pumea 


. pourrons 




pouvez 


pouviez 


putes 


pourrez 




peuvent 


pouvaient 


purent 


pourront 




prends 


prenaia 


pria 


prendrai 




prends 


prenaia 


pna 


prendraa 


51. Prendre. 


prend 


prenait 


prit 


prendra 




prenons 


prenions 


primea 


prendrons 




prenez 


premez 


pritea 


prendrez 




prennent 


prenaient 


prirent 


prendront 





— vaux 


— valais 


— valua 


— vaudrai 




— vaux 


— valaia 


— valua 


— vaudraa 


52. Pre-valoir. 


— vaut 

— valon8 


— valait 

— valiona 


— valut 

— valumea 


— vaudra 

— vaudrons 




— valez 


— valiez 


— valutea 


— vaudrez 




— valent 


— valaient 


— valurent 


— vaudront 




— voia 


— voyais 


— via 


— voirai 




— voia 


— voyais 


— via 


— voiraa 



53. Pre-voir. 


— voit 

— voyona 


— voyait 

— voyiona 


— vit 

— vimes 


— voira 

— voirons 




— voyez 
. — voient 


— voyiez 

— voyaient 


— vltea 

— virent 


— voirez 

— voiront 




— eoua 


— solvais 


— solus 


— soudrai 




— soua 


— solvais 


— solus 


— soudras 


54. Re-soudre. 


— sout 


— solvait 


— solut • 


— soudra 


— solvona 


— solvions 


— solumes 


— soudrons 




— solvez 


— solviez 


— solutes 


— soudrez 




. — solvent 


— solvaient 


— solurent 


— soudront 




ria 


riais 


ris 


rirai 




na 


riais 


ns 


riras 


55. Rire 


rit 
rion8 


riait 
riions 


rit 
rimes 


rira 
rirons 




nez 


rnez 


rites 


nrez 




rient 


riaient 


rirent 


riront 


56. Saill-ir. 
( To project ) 


— e 

— ent 


— ait 

— aient 


none. 


— era 

— eront 



TABLEAUX. 



VIII. 



Condi tioiinel Present Sub, 


1 J 

q 


[mpaiiait 
Sub. 


Imp er at if. 


Participes. 


pourrais 


q- 


puisse 


puase 






pourraia 


q. 


puisaea 


q- 


puaaea 






pour rait 


q- 


puiaae 


q- 


put 


none. 


pouvant 


pourrions 


q- 


puisaions 


q. 


pussiona 




pu 


pourriez 


q- 


puasiez 


q- 


pussiez 






pourraient 


q- 


puisaent 


q. 


puaaent 






prendrais 


q- 


prenne 


q. 


pri8ae 


none. 




prendrais 


q. 


prennea 


q- 


prissea 


prend8 


prenant 


prendrait 


q- 


prenne 


q. 


prit 


prenne 


pria m.s.&p. 


prendrions 


q. 


preniona 


q. 


prissions 


prenona 


prise f. s. 


prendriez 


q. 


preniez 


q- 


prissiez 


prenez 


prises f, p. 


prendraient 


q- 


prennent 


q- 


prissent 


prennent 




— vaudraia 


q. 


— vale 


q. 


— valuase 


none. 


— valant 


— vaudraia 


q. 


— valea 


q- 


— valusaes 


— vaux 


— valu . m. s. 


— vaudrait 


q- 


— vale 


q- 


— valut 


— vale 


— valus m. p. 


— vaudriona 


q- 


— valiona 


q- 


— ^valussions 


— valona 


— value . f. s. 


— vaudriez 


q- 


— valiez 


q- 


— valussiez 


— valez 


— values f. p. 


— vaudraient 


q- 


— valent 


q. 


— valusaent 


— valent 




— voiraia 


q. 


— voie 


q. 


— visse 


none. 


— voyant 


— voirais 


q-- 


— voiea 


q- 


— viasea 


— vois 


— vu m. 8. 


— voir ait 


q-- 


— voie 


q. 


— vit 


— voie 


— vua m. p. 


— voiriona 


q. - 


— voyion8 


q.- 


— viaaiona 


— voyona 


— vue f. s. 


— voiriez 


q-- 


— voyiez 


q. 


— viasiez 


— voyez 


— vuea f. p. 


— voiraient 


q. - 


— voient 


q- 


— vissent 


— voient 




— aoudraia 


q- 


— aolve 


q. 


— solusse 


none. 


— solvant 


— aoudraia 


q- - 


— aolvea 


q. 


— solusaes 


— soua 


— solu m. a. 


— aoudrait 


q-- 


— aolve 


q. • 


— aolut 


— aolve 


— solus m. s. 


— aoudriona 


q-- 


— aolviona 


q-- 


— soluasions 


— solvona 


— solue f. s. 


— aoudriez 


q-- 


— aolviez 


q. • 


— aolusaiez 


— solvez 


— solues f. p. 


— aoudraient 


q. - 


— solvent 


q. 


— soluaaent 


— solvent 




riraia 


q. 


rie 


q. • 


— riase 


none. 


riant 


riraia 


q. 


riea 


q. - 


— riasea 


ria 


ri m. s. 


rirait 


q. 


rie 


q-- 


- rit 


rie 


ris m. p. 


ririona 


q- 


riiona 


q- 


— riasiona 


riona 


rie f. s. 


ririez 


q- 


riiez 


q. - 


— rissiez 


riez 


ries f. p. 


riraient 


q. 


rient 


q-- 


— riasent 


rient 




erait 
eraient 


q. - 

q- - 


- e 

- ent 




none. 


none. 


— ant 

— i 



IX. 



THE FRENCH "VERB. 



Infinitif Pres. 


Pres, I nd. 


Imparfait. 


Passe 
Defini. 


Fwtur, 


« 








Used only in 


57. Saill-ir. 
( To gush out. ) 


— it 

— issent 


— issait 

— issaient 


-it 
— irent 


— ira 

— iront 




sais 


savais 


sus 


saurai 




sais 


savais 


sus 


sauras 


58. Savoir. 


Bait 
savons 


savait 
savions 


sut 
sumes 


saura 
saurons 




Bavez 


saviez 


sutes 


saurez 




savent 


savaient 


surent 


sauront 




— 8 


— tais 


— tis 


— tirai 




— s 


— tais 


— tis 


— tiras 


59. Sen-t±r. 


— t • 

— tons 


— tait 

— tions 


— tit 

— times 


— tira 

— tirons 


. 


— tez 


— tiez 


— tites 


— tirez 




— tent 


— taient 


— tirent 


— tiront 


€0. Seoir. 


U sied 
Us sieent 


it seyait 
f/« seyaient 


none. 


il siera 
Us sieront 




— s. 


— vais 


— vis 


— virai 




— s 


— vais 


— vis 


— viras 


61. Ser-vir. 


— t 

— vons 


— vait 

— vions 


— vit 

— vimes 


— vira 

— virons 




— vez 


— viez 


— ^ vites 


— virez 




— vent 


— vaient 


— virent 


— viront 




— s 


— tais 


— tis 


— tirai 




— s 


— tais 


— tis 


— tiras 


62. Sor-tir. 


— t 

— tons 


— tait 

— tions 


— tit 

— times 


— tira 

— tirons 




— tez 


— tiez 


— tites 


— tirez 




. — tent 


— taient 


— tirent 


— tiront * 




— fis 


— fisais 


-fis 


— firai 




— fis 


— fisais 


— fis 


— firas 


63. Suf-fire. 


— fit 

— fisons 


— fisait 

— fisions 


— fit 

— f imes 


— fira 

— firons 




— fisez 


- fisiez 


— f ites 


— firez 




, — fisent 


— fisaient 


— firent 


— firont 



TABLEAUX. 



IX. 



Conditionnel 


Present Snl>. 


Impaifait 
Sub. 


Imperatif. 


Participes. 


thethird person 


of 


ejich tense. 










— irait 


q- 


— isse 


q- 


— it 


q. — isse 


— issant 


— iraient 


q. 


— issent 


q- 


— isaent 


q. — issent 


— i 


sauraia 


q. 


sache 


q. 


susse 


none. 


— sachant 


sauraia 


q- 


sachea 


q- 


sussea 


sache 


— su m. s. 


saurait 


q- 


sache 


q. 


sut 


sache 


— sua m. p. 


sauriona 


q- 


sachions 


q. 


sussions 


sachona 


— sue f. s. 


sauriez 


q. 


sachiez 


q- 


sussiez 


sachez 


— sues f. p. 


sauraient 


q- 


sachent 


q» 


sussent 


sachent 




tiraia 


q- 


te 


q- 


— tisse 


none. 


tant 


tiraia 


q. 


tea 


q- 


— tisses 


a 


ti m. s. 


tirait 


q- 


te 


q- 


— tit 


te 


tis m. p. 


tiriona 


q. 


tions 


q- 


— tissiona 


tons 


tie f. s. 


tiriez 


q. 


tiez 


q- 


— tissiez 


tez 


ties f. p. 


tiraient 


q. 


tent 


q- 


— tissent 


tent 




il sierait 
Us sieraient 


qu 
qu 


*U siee 
'Us sieent 


none. 


none. 


seyant 


— viraia 


q- 


— ve 


q- 


— visse 


none. 


— vant 


— virais 


q- 


— vea 


q- 


— vissea 


— a 


— vi . m. s. 


— virait 


q- 


— ve 


q- 


— vit 


— ve 


— vis m. p. 


— viriona 


q- 


— yiona 


q-- 


— vissiona 


— von a 


— vie . f. s. 


— viriez 


q- 


— viez 


q- 


— vissiez 


— vez 


— viea f. p. 


— viraient 


q- 


— vent 


q- 


— vissent 


— vent 




— tirais 


q- 


— te 


q- 


— tisse 


none. 


— tai>t 


— tiraia 


q- 


— tea 


q- 


— tisses 


— s 


-— ti m. b. 


— tirait 


q- 


— te 


q- 


— tit 


— te 


— tis m. s. 


— tiriona 


q- 


— tiona 


q. 


— tissiona 


— tons 


— tie f . s. 


— tiriez 


q- 


— tiez 


q. 


— issiez 


— tez 


— ties f. p. 


— tiraient 


q. 


— tent 


q- 


— tissent 


— tent 





firais 

firais 

firait 

firiona 

firiez 

tiraient 



fise 

fisea 

fise 

fisiona 

fisiez 

fisent 



q. — iisse 
q. — tisses 
q. — fit 
q. — fissions 
q. — fissiez 
q. — fissent 



none. 
fis 
fise 
fisons 
fisez 
fisent 



fisant 
fi 



X. 



THE FRENCH VERB. 



Iivfinitif Pres. 


Pres. Incl. 


Imparfa.it. 


Passe 
Defini. 


Futnr. 


64. Suivre. 


suis 

suis 

suit 

Buivons 

suivez 

suivent 


suivaia 

suivaia 

suivait 

suiviona 

suiviez 

suivaient 


suivis 

suivis 

suivit 

suivimes 

suivites 

suivirent 


suivrai 
suivraa 
suivra 
suivrona 

suivrez 
suivront 


65. Sur-seoir. 


— seoia 

— seoia 

— seoit 

— soyona 

— soyez 

— soient 


— soyais 

— soyais 

— soyait 

— soyions 

— soyiez 

— soyaient 


— sia 

— sis 

— sit 

— simes 

— sites 

— sirent 


— seoirai 

— seoiraa 

— seoira 

— seoirona 
+- seoirez 

— seoiront 


66. Taire. 


tais 

taia 

tait 

taisona 

taisez 

taisent 


taisais 

taisais 

tais ait 

taisions 

taisiez 

taisaient 


tua 

tua 

tut 

tumea 

tutea 

turent 


tairai 

tairaa 

taira 

tairona 

tairez 

tairont 


67. T-eindre. 


— eina 

— eina 

— eint 

— eignona 

— eignez 

— eignent 


— eignais 

— eignaia 

— eignait 

— eigniona 

— eigniez 

— eignaient 


— eignia 

— eignia 

— eignit 

— eignimea 

— eignitea 

— eignirent 


— eindrai 

— eindras 

— eindra 

— eindrons 

— eindrez 

— eindront 


63. Tenir. 


tiens 

tiens 

tient 

tenona 

tenez 

tiennent 


tenaia 

tenaia 

tenait 

tenions 

teniez 

tenaient 


tiii8 

tina 

tint 

tlnmea 

tintea 

tinrent 


tiendrai 

tiendraa 

tiendra 

tiendrona 

tiendrez 

tiendront 


69. Traire. 


traia 

trais 

trait 

trayona 

trayez 

traient 


trayaia 

trayaia 

trayait 

trayiona 

trayiez 

trayaient 


none. 


trairai 

trairaa 

traira 

tr air ons 

trairez 

trairont 


70. Tressaill-ir. 


— e 

— ea 

— e 

— ons 

— ez 

. — ent 


— aia 

— aia 

— ait 

— iona 

— iez 

— aient 


— is 

— ia 

— it 

— Imes 

— itca 

— irent 


— irai 

— iraa 

— ira 

— irons 

— irez 

— ironfc 



TABLEAUX. 



Conditionnel 


Pi 


•esent Sub. 


Imparfait 
Sub. 


Imp e rat if. 


Participes. 


suivrais 


q- 


suive 


q- 


suivisse 


none. 


suivant 


suivrais 


q- 


suives 


q- 


smvisses 


suia 


suivi m. s. 


suivrait 


q. 


suives 


q. 


suivit 


suive 


suivis m. p. 


suivrions 


q- 


smvions 


q. 


suivissions 


suivons 


suivie f. s. 


suivriez 


q- 


suiviez 


q« 


suivissiez 


suivez 


suivies f. p. 


suivraient 


q. 


suivent 


q- 


suivissent 


suivent 





— seoirais 


q- 


— soie 


q. — sisse 


none. 


— soyant 


— seoirais 


q- 


— soies 


q. — sisses 


— seois 




— seoirait 


q- 


— soie 


q. — sit 


— soie 


— sism. s. &p. 


— seoinons 


q- 


— soyions 


q. — sissions 


— soyons 


— sise f. s. 


— seoiriez 


q. 


— soyiez 


q. — sissiez 


— sovez 


— sises f. p. 


— seoiraient 


q. 


— soient 


q. — sissent 


— soient 




tairais 


q. 


taise 


q. tusse 


none. 


taisant 


tairais 


q- 


taises 


q. tusses 


tais 


tu . m. s. 


tairait 


q- 


taise 


q. tut 


taise 


tus . ni. p. 


tairions 


q« 


taisions 


q, tussions 


taisons 


tue . f. s. 


tairiez 


q. 


taisiez 


q. tussiez 


taisez 


tues f. p. 


tairaient 


q- 


taisent 


q. tussent 


taisent 




— eindrais 


q. 


— eigne 


q — eignisse 


none. 


— eignant 


— eindrais 


q. 


— eignes 


q.— eigmsses 


— ems 


— eint m. s. 


— eindrait 


q- 


— eigne 


q. — eignit 


— eigne 


— eints m. p. 


— eindrions 


q- 


— eignions 


q. — eignissions 


— eignons 


— einte f. s. 


— eindriez 


q- 


— eigniez 


q. — eignissiez 


— eignez 


— eintes f. p. 


— eindraient 


q- 


— eignent 


q. — eignissent 


— eignent 




tiendrais 


q. 


tienne 


q. tinsse 


none. 


tenant 


tiendrais 


i. 


tiennes 


q. tinsses 


tiens 


tenu m. s. 


tiendrait 


q- 


tienne 


q. tint 


tienne 


tenus m. p. 


tiendrions 


q- 


tenions 


q. tinssions 


tenons 


tenue f. s. 


tiendriez 


q- 


teniez 


q. tinssiez 


tenez 


tenues f. i>. 


tiendraient 


q- 


tiennent 


q. tinssent 


tiennent 





trairais 

trairais 

trairait 

trairions 

trairiez 

trairaient 



traie 

traies 

traie 

trayions 

trayiez 

traient 



none. 



none. 
trais 
traie 
trayons 
trayez 
traient 



tray ant 
trait m. p. 
traits m. p. 
traite f. s. 
traites f. p. 



— irais 


q. — e 


q. — isse 


none. 




— irais 


q. — es 


q. — isses 


— e 


— ant 


— irait 


q. — e 


q. — it 


— e 


— i 


— irions 


q. — ions 


q. — issions 


— ons 




— Inez 


q. — lez 


q. — lssiez 


— ez 




— iraient 


q. — ent 


q. — issent 


— ent 





XI. 



THE FRENCH VERB, 



Iniiiiitif Pres. 



Pres. Ind. Imparfait. 



Passe 
Defini. 



Futur. 



71. Vain-cre. 



— cs 

— cs 

— c 

— quona 

— quez 

, — quent 



quaia 

quaia 

quait 

quions 

quiez 

quaient 



quis 

quia 

quit 

quimea 

quitea 

quirent 



crai 

craa 

era 

crona 

crez 

cront 



72. Valoir. 



vaux 

vaux 

vaut 

valona 

valez 

valent 



valaia 

valaia 

valait 

valiona 

valiez 

valaient 



valua 

valua 

valut 

valumea 

valutea 

valurent 



vaudrai 

vaudraa 

vaudra 

vaudrona 

vaudrez 

vaudront 



73. Gesir. 



ilgit 

noua giaons 
voua gisez 
ils gisent 



je gisaia 
tu giaaia 
il giaait 
noua giaons 
voua giaiez 
ils giaaient 



none. 



none. 





viena 


venaia 


vina 


viendrai 




viena 


venaia 


vina 


viendra3 


74. Venir. 


vient 


venait 


vint 


viendra 




venona 


vemona 


vinmes 


viendrona 




venez 


veniez 


vintea 


viendrez 




viennent 


venaient 


vinrent 


viendront 




veta 


vetaia 


vetis 


vetirai 




veta 


vetaia 


vetis 


vetiraa 


75. Vetir. 


vet 


vetait 


vetit 


vetir a 




vetona 


vetiona 


vetimes 


vetirona 




vetez 


vetiez 


vetitea 


vetirez 




vetent 


vetaient 


vetirent 


vetiront 




via 


vivaia 


vecus 


vivrai 




via 


vivaia 


vecua 


vivras 


76. Vivre. 


vit 


vivait 


vecut 


vivra 




vivona 


viviona 


vecumes 


vivrona 




vivez 


viviez 


veeutea 


vivrez 




vivent 


vivaient 


vecurent 


vivront 




voia 


voyaia 


via 


verrai 




voia 


voyaia 


via 


verraa 


77. Voir. ■ 


voit 


voyait 


vit 


verra 




voyona 


voyiona 


vimes 


verrona 




voyez 


voviez 


vitea 


verrez 




voienfc 


voyaient 

- i 


virent 


verront 



TABLEAUX. 



XL 



Conditionnel 


Present Sub. 


Imparfait 
Sab. 


Imperatif. 


Participes. 


— crais 


q. 


— que 


q. - 


— quisse 


none. 


— quant 


— crais 


q.- 


— quea 


q-- 


— quissea 


— ca 


— cu . m. a. 


— crait 


q- 


— que 


q«- 


— quit 


— que 


— cua m. p. 


— crions 


q.- 


— quiona 


q.- 


— quiasiona 


— quona 


— cue . f. s. 


— criez 


q-- 


— quiez 


q-- 


— quissiez 


— quez 


— cuea f. p. 


— craient 


q. - 


— quent 


q-- 


— quiasent 


— quent 




vaudraia 


q. 


vaille 


q- 


valusse 


none. 


valant 


vaudraia 


q. 


vaillea 


q- 


valuaaea 


vaux 


valu m. a. 


vaudrait 


q- 


vaille 


q. 


valut 


vaille 


valua m. p. 


vaudrions 


q- 


valiona 


q. 


valuaaions 


valons 


value f. a. 


vaudriez 


q- 


valiez 


q- 


valussiez 


valez 


valuea f. p. 


vaudraient 


q- 


vaillent 


q. 


valussent 


vaillent 




none. 


none. 


none. 


none. 


gisant 


viendraia 


q. 


vienne 


q. 


vinase 


none. 


venant 


viendraia 


q- 


viennes 


q. 


vinaaea 


viena 


venu m. s. 


viendrait 


q. 


vienne 


q- 


vint 


vienne 


venua m. s. 


viendriona 


q. 


venions 


q- 


vinasiona 


venona 


venue f. s. 


viendriez 


q- 


veniez 


q. 


vinsaiez 


venez 


venuea f. p. 


viendraient 


q- 


viennent 


q. 


vinssent 


viennent 




vetiraia 


q- 


vete 


q. 


vetiase 


none. 


vetant 


vetiraia 


q- 


vetea 


q. 


vetisaea 


veta 


vetu m. a. 


vetirait 


q. 


vete 


q- 


vetit 


vete 


vetua m. p. 


vetiriona 


q- 


vetiona 


q- 


vetiasiona 


vetona 


vetue f. s. 


vetiriez 


q- 


vetiez 


q. 


vetiasiez 


vetez 


vetuea f. p. 


vetiraient 


q- 


vetent 


q- 


vetiaaent 


vetent 




vivraia 


q. 


vive 


q- 


vecuase 


none. 




vivraia 


q- 


vivea 


q- 


vecusaea 


via 


vivant 


vivrait 


q- 


vive 


q- 


vecut 


vive 


vecu 


vivriona 


q- 


vivona 


q. 


vecuaions 


vivona 




vivriez 


q- 


viviez 


q. 


vecusaiez 


vivez 




vivraient 


q- 


vivent 


q- 


vecussent 


vivent 





verraia 

verraia 

verrait 

verriona 

verriez 

verraient 



voie 

voie8 

voie 

voyions 

voyiez 

voient 



viaae 

viaaes 

vit 

viaaion8 

visaiez 

viaaent 



none. 
voia 
voie 
voyons 

voyez 
voient 



voyant 
vu m. a. 
vu8 m. p. 
vue f. a. 
vuea f. p. 



XII. 



THE FRENCH YEEB. 



Iiifiiiitif Pies. 


Pres. Iiid. 


Imparfait 


Passe 

Defini. 


Fntar. 




veux 


voulais 


voulus 


voudrai 




veux 


voulais 


voulus 


voudras 


78. Vculoir. 


veut 


voulait 


voulut 


voudra 


voulons 


voulions 


voulumes 


voudrons 




voulez 


vouliez 


vouliites 


voudrez 




veulent 


voulaient 


voulurent 


voudront 




il. ya 


il y avait 


il y eut 


il y aura 


79. Y avoir. 


il y aeu 


il y avait eu 


il y eut eu 


il y aura eu 




— pais 


— paissais 


— pus 


— paitrai 




— pais 


— paissais 


— pus 


— paitraa 


80. Re-paitre. 


— pait 


-— paissait 


— put 


— paitra 




— paissona 


— paissions 


— pumes 


— paitrons 




— paissez 


— paissiez 


— putes 


— paitrez 




k — paissent 


— paissaient 


— purent 


— paitront 




— ts 


— ttais 


— ttis 


— ttrai 




— ts 


— ttais 


— ttis 


— ttras 


81. Ba-ttre. 


— t 


— ttait 


— ttit 


— ttra 


— ttons 


— ttions 


— ttimes 


— ttrons 




— ttez 


— ttiez 


— ttlfces 


— • ttrez 




. — ttent 


— ttaient 


— ttirent 


— ttront 




— s 


— sais 


— sis 


— rai 




— s 


— sais 


— sis 


— ras 


82. Cui-re. 


— t 


— sait 


— sit 


— ra 




— sons 


— sions 


— simes 


— rons 




— sez 


— siez 


— sites 


— rez 




b — sent 


— saient 


— sirent 


— ront 




— is 


— "issais 


— is 


— irai 




— is 


— issais 


— is 


— iras 


83. Ha-ir. 


— it 


— issait 


— it 


— ira 




— issons 


— issions 


— imes 


— irons 


* 


— 'is sez 


— issiez 


— ites 


— irez 




— issent 


— issaient 


— irent 


— iront 



TABLEAUX. 



XII. 



Coiiditionnel 


Present Swl>. 


ImpaiTa.it 
Sub. 


Iitiperatif. 


Participes. 


voudrais 


q. veuille 


q. voulu'sse 


none. 


voulaiit 


Youdrais 


q. veuilles 


q. voulusses 


veux 


voulu m. s. 


Toudrait 


q. veuille 


q. voulut 


veuille 


voulus m. p. 


voudrions 


q. voulions 


q. voulussions 


veuillons 


voulue f. s. 


voudriez 


q. vouliez 


q. voulussiez 


veuillez 


voulues f. p. 


voudraient 


q. veuillent 


q. voulussent 


veuillent 




il y aurait 


qu'il y ait 


qu'il y eut 






il y aurait en 


qu'il y ait eu 


qu'il y eut eu 


qu'il y ait 


eu 


— paitrais 


q. — paisse 


q. — pusse 


none. 


— paissant 


— paitrais 


q. — paisses 


q. — pusses 


— pais 


— pu m. s. 


— paitrait 


q. — paisse 


q. — put 


— paisse 


— pus m. p. 


— paitrions 


q. — paissions 


q. — pussions 


— paissons 


— pue f. s. 


— paitriez 


q. — paissiez 


q. — pussiez 


— paissez 


— pues f. p. 


— paitraient 


q. — paissent 


q. — pussent 


— paissent 




— ttrais 


q. — tte 


q. — tisse 


none. 


— ttant 


— ttrais 


q. — ttes 


q. — tisses 


— ts 


— ttu m. b. 


— trait 


q. — tte 


q. — ttit 


— tte 


— ttus m. p. 


— ttrions 


q. — ttions 


q. — tissions 


— ttons 


— ttue f. s. 


— ttriez 


q. — ttiez 


q. — tissiez 


— ttez 


— ttues f. p. 


— ttraient 


q. — ttent 


q. — ttissent 


— ttent 




— rais 


q. — se 


q. — sisse 


none. 


— sant 


— raia 


q. — sea 


q. — sisses 


— a 


— t m. s. 


— rait 


q. — se 


q. — sit 


— ae 


— ts m. p. 


— rions 


q. — siona 


q. — sissions 


— aona 


- te f. s. 


— riez 


q. — siez 


q. — sissiez 


— sez 


— tea f. p. 


— raient 


q. — sent 


q. — sissent 


— sent 




— irais 


q. — isse 


q. — isse 


none. 


— issant 


— irais 


q. — isses 


q. — isses 


— is 


— i m. s. 


— irait 


q. — isse 


q. — it 


— isse 


— is m. p. 


— irions 


q. — issiona 


q. — issiona 


— issona 


— ie f. s. 


— iriez 


q. — issiez 


q. — issiez 


— issez 


— iea f. j). 


— iraient 


q. — issent 


q. — issent 


— issent 





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